ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01865.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper outlines the basic principles arising from a polysystemic theory of agonistic behavior in nonhuman animals and the practical implications of these principles to the problem of the control of undesirable and injurious forms of human violence. A major conclusion is that one of the most effective methods of establishing and maintaining habits of constructive and peaceful behavior is employment in useful and rewarding occupations.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01866.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The high cost of violence has sparked an interest in the power of nonviolence and in nonviolent techniques of conducting conflict. Of the three types of violence and nonviolence — the cult, the extermination, and the breakdown of threat systems — the third is most important. Nonviolence involves threat in more subtle and less costly ways than does violence. Conflict is relatively unimportant in biological evolution, except in the very indirect sense of unconscious competition; it is more important in social dynamics and operates as a facilitator or a limiter. Most human activity and most developmental processes are nonconflictual, and where conflict exists it is frequently dealt with by ritualization. The control of violence may be achieved more easily by expanding the nonconflictual aspect of human behavior than by trying to substitute nonviolent for violent conflict. The main problem is dialectical thinking in terms of only two alternatives or two parties, which almost always is a gross oversimplification. A “trialectic” of violence, nonviolence, and nonconflict is a much more realistic approach to the problems of the dynamics of

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01867.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As living organisms, individual human beings can be viewed as dependent upon the continuing operation of two subsystems, one involving resource processing functions (food, water, air, and so forth) and the other concerned with information or signal processing (cognitions, affects, decision‐making, and the like). Something similar can be said of interpersonal systems such as the family, the community, or whole societies, which must be capable of acquiring, transforming or transmitting, processing, and allocating resources and information among their human components. The way a social system performs these functions will affect power relations and condition the behaviors of its human components, but it is also true that people — both as individuals and through their organizations — affect their encompassing social, economic, and political environments. In responding to events and maintaining themselves, people alter their surroundings in ways that then push their lives in directions that often were not anticipated. Thus, we all tend to influence our futures in ways that may be indirect, complex, and difficult to perceive or under

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01868.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The results of laboratory and field investigations are used to suggest approaches to the analysis of international negotiation. A framework is developed in terms of the way in which nations arrive at their positions or postures, the process of negotiating, and the consequences of negotiation outcomes for the international system. Position formation is considered from the standpoint of the national attribute and policymaking process perspectives. Aspects of the negotiating process emphasized include preconditions and preparations, commitment tactics and concession‐making strategies, and such interferences as cultural differences, personal style, attributions, and stresses. Consequences are discussed in terms of conflict and cooperation among nations and the relationship between behaviors and structures in international relations. The strategies of moving between levels of analysis and of weaving together diverse data sources into a mosaic of influences yield insights that contribute to an understanding of negotiating in the international contex

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01869.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Attributional conflict is identified as arising from disparate attributions by two or more parties concerning the cause of events. It is proposed that such conflict is primarily managed through the exercise of verbal strategies which attempt to lessen blame and/or increase praise by shifting responsibility assignment. A taxonomy of these verbal strategies, which include association, requests, accounts, excuses, rationales, and justifications, is provided. Some conditions under which particular verbal strategies are likely to be used, and some factors that might affect their successfulness are suggested.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01870.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

That body of social psychological literature typically subsumed under the concept of aggression is reinterpreted as a compendium of different processes and functional relationships including equity, reciprocity, and self‐defense. An evaluation of this literature leads to the conclusion that social psychological researchers have concentrated their efforts in studying retaliatory behaviors whereas “aggression” commonly refers to harm doing initiated by some transgressor. A reconceptualization based on the concept of coercive power leads to a clearer understanding of harm‐doing actions and allows researchers to classify and distinguish initiated harm‐doing actions from those that are retaliatory. Having made this distinction, a set of propositions related to the initiation of harm doing isspelled out, and the implications for the social control of such behavior are c

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01871.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the nature of advice to threateners, taking perceptions of the threatened into account, this article might have been called the limits to threats. It attacks the idea that size of threat is the major determinant of responses to it. It postulates need for control on the part of the threatened as a key aspect of the threat situation as a two‐party transaction. The argument is that contingent threats which permit the threatened party a sense of control — and of cognitive control which clearly permits him in his eyes to avoid the danger the threatener communicates — are far more effective as persuasive messages than either noncontingent threats or threats which appear to be noncontingent. Some data may be interpreted as suggesting that being powerful may lead one to threaten sufficiently as to delay reaching a solution between pa

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01872.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A distinction is drawn between equity‐based penalties, whose primary purpose is to restore fairness, and deterrent‐based penalties, whose primary purpose is to prevent deviance. Sports are offered as an example in which deviance is successfully encapsulated by the use of equity‐based penalties. Current criminal law is seen as deterrent‐based rather than equity‐based. Advantages of an equity‐based system of justice for criminals, for victims, and for society are outlined. An equity‐based system could reconcile the generally incompatible goals of deterrence and rehabilitation. While it might require an imaginative reformation of our criminal justice system, the viability of equity‐based justice has already been demonstrated through its use in familial, primitive, and ci

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01873.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The problem‐solving workshop is an approach to international conflict resolution based on intervention at the intergroup level and designed to provide inputs into policy processes. The pilot workshop described there included Israeli and Palestinian participants, meeting with a team of social scientists who served as a third party. Some of the features of the workshop included use of separate preworkshop sessions with each party to focus on internal group processes; induction of communication marked by an analytic, problem approach to the conflict to replace the legalistic, conflict‐expressive approach that generally characterizes communication among conflicting parties; process observations from an intergroup (rather than interpersonal) perspective, linking ongoing interactions to the dynamics of the intergroup conflict; and emphasis on symbolic issues and questions of national identity. Among the issues discussed are definition of the parties to the conflict, characteristics of participants, the context for communication, relationships between intragroup and intergroup processes, nature of the third party and types of interventions, and the relationship of changes manifested in the workshop to changes transferred outside of that sett

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01874.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY