ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01078.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate and explain the role bystanders play in crime control. We describe the range of bystanders' reactions to crime including nonintervention, indirect intervention, direct intervention, and spontaneous vigilantism, and cite illustrations of each from mass media accounts. Using evidence from social psychological research, we discuss conditions under which each type of reaction would be expected to occur. Evidence is then presented that the mere presence of bystanders capable of surveillance may inhibit the commission of crime. A cyclical model is then discussed in which fear of crime reduces the number of bystanders available for surveillance, decreasing the risks of crime and potentially increasing its occurrence. This model suggests that under certain circumstances crime causes crime and implies that an important factor in the social control of crime is the relative balance between the offender's fear of surveillance and the bystander's fear of crime.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01079.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To adapt effectively to environmental hazards such as the risk of crime victimization, individuals should not rely solely upon their direct personal experience. Instead, they should use information about the environment gained from others' experiences in estimating risks and in determining the appropriate type and number of behaviors to undertake in order to avoid victimization. Such information can come either through social networks (i.e., through talking to friends, family, or neighbors) or via the mass media (newspapers, television, radio, magazines, and pamphlets). Although experiences conveyed by family, friends, and neighbors have been found to influence risk estimates and prevention behaviors, mass media experiences have not been found to influence such judgments or behaviors. This lack of mass media influence has been found both in studies of naturally occurring crime‐risk judgments and in evaluations of media campaigns, such as the recent national campaign urging citizens to “take a bite out of crime.” This paper reviews the literature concerning the influence of indirect experiences upon fear of crime, with a focus on trying to understand why citizens fail to use the mass media as a source of information about personal crime

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01080.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article reviews emotional and cognitive reactions to criminal victimization. It draws connections between the contents of these reactions and victims' reluctance to report the crime to authorities. Since between one half and two thirds of all crimes are not so reported, understanding these connections is critical. We argue that nonreporting is the result of three factors acting singly or in concert: (a) victim fear, (b) feelings of helplessness and the perceived powerlessness of police, and (c) the threat of further victimization from authorities. We believe victims react in relatively rational ways. Despite the apparent loss of control and the strong fear engendered by the experience, the victimization does not lead people to report it to authorities. Instead, reporting to police is often realistically viewed by victims as ineffective and potentially costly.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01081.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Other people can affect a crime‐victim's decision to notify the police in at least four different ways: (a) by cuing the victim to a particular “script” or particular actions within a script, (b) by providing arguments and advice, (c) by indicating what normative standards operate within some group important to the victim, and (d) by providing socioemotional support or nonsupport. These four functions others serve can operate when the victim is labeling an event as a crime, when the victim is determining its seriousness, and when the victim is deciding what to do about it. This paper discusses these four functions in terms of relevant theoretical and empirical

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01082.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper attempts to place the relationship between the victim, the harmdoer, and the state in historical perspective by concentrating on a formative period in English law—the 11th through the 13th centuries. Major focus is on the transition from one system, in which victims were seen as deserving of compensation, to a very different system, in which compensation was gradually supplanted by the support of the state. Two related themes—the emerging distinction between crime and tort, and the state's attempts to monopolize the prosecution of serious offenses—are also treated. The paper concludes that, while victims eventually lost the right to compensation, they gained the valuable advantage of being represented by the might and power of the state, a development that relieved them of the heavy burdens that were inherent in the compensatory system of ju

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01083.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Criminal victimization and postvictimization experiences often affect victim attitudes negatively toward criminal justice and government. Victim‐compensation programs seek to improve those attitudes as well as to curb crime and repay victim losses. A few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of compensation plans in achieving their goals, and special attention is given herein to the programs' effects on attitudes. The research, done mostly in Florida, New York, and New Jersey, shows considerable victim disenchantment and even some evidence of greater discontent among applicants to such plans than among nonapplicants. Two primary causes of dissatisfaction are administrative inconvenience and receipt of an inadequate (or no) award. Thus, the effect of compensation plans seems to be more symbolic than tangibl

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01084.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A growing literature on the impact of assault has given little consideration to the factors contributing to variations in victim reaction. This paper reviews the preassault and postassault variables that are associated with the recovery process. Among key factors are the psychosocial resources of the victim at entry to the crisis and the violence of the assault itself; however, variables often contribute differentially at different points in the recovery process. Subsequent discussion focuses on the methodological, theoretical, and policy implications of these findings.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01085.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although victim surveys can generate information about characteristics of victims, precursors of victimization, effectiveness of resistance, victim‐offender interaction, effects of crime on the victim, and police response, current research has hardly begun to mine their potential. Much of the underutilization and misinterpretation of victim surveys can be understood in light of their original objective: to measure the “dark figure” of crime. Victimization estimates were originally intended to index all occurrences of crime, both crimes that become known to the police and those that do not. Because victim‐survey data and police data are products of numerous definitional decisions made by victims, other citizens, and the police, some types of crime are likely to be captured by both data sources, some by only one, and some by neither. Thus, victim surveys do not simply reveal more crimes than police statistics; they capturedifferentcrimes. This very difference makes victim‐survey data especially

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01086.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Phenomenological analyses of 50 victims' experiences are presented. The format of the results preserves what it was like to live through being victimized, including the temporal flow and the vicissitudes of the experience. This presentation tries to put readers in touch with existential meanings of being criminally victimized, especially the radical threat to the victims' sense of social order and of community. It also draws out implications for strengthening citizens' sense of mutuality. Concrete suggestions include advice to police officers and to designers of victim brochures. Theoretical integration of representative research studies is offered. The article provides clarifications about qualitative methods, including their advantages and constraints.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01087.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY