摘要:

Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates - Formerly ARAAS) JAAS Editorial Board* Chairman: L. C. Ebdon (Plymouth, UK) J. Egan (London, UK) M. S . Cresser (Aberdeen, UK) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne, France) D. L. Miles (Wallingford, UK) 6. L. Sharp (Aberdeen, UK) M. Thompson (London, UK) A. M. Ure (Aberdeen, UK) *The JAAS Editorial Board reports to the Analytical Editorial Board, Chairman J. D. R. Thomas (Cardiff, UK) JAAS Advisory Board F. C. kdams (Antwerp, Belgium) R. M. Barnes (Amherst, MA, USA) L. Bezur (Budapest, Hungary) R. F. Browner (Atlanta, GA, USA) S. Caroli (Rome, Italy) A. J. Curtius iRio de Janeiro, Brazil) L. de Galan (Delft, The Netherlands) J. B. Dawson (Leeds, UK) K. Dittrich (Leipzig, GDR) W. Frech (Umes, Sweden) K.Fuwa (Tokyo, Japan) A. L. Gray (Guildford, UK) S. Greenfield (Loughborough, UK) G. M. Hieftje (Bloomington, IN, USA) G. Horlick (Edmonton, Canada) B. V. L'vov (Leningrad, USSR) Ni Zhe-ming (Beijing, China) N. Omenetto (lspra, Italy) E. Pl5ko (Bratislava, Czechoslovakia) R. E. Sturgeon (Ottawa, Canada) R. Van Grieken (Antwerp, Belgium) A. Walsh,..K. B. (Victoria, Australia) B. Welz (Uberlingen, FRG) T. S. West (Aberdeen, UK) Atomic Spectrometry Updates Editorial Board Chairman: *M. S. Cresser (Aberdeen, UK) R. M. Barnes (Amherst, MA, USA) N. W. Barnett (Plymouth, UK) *J. Egan (London, UK) *A. A. Brown (Cambridge, UK) J. C. Burridge (Aberdeen, UK) J. 6. Dawson (Leeds, UK) J. R. Dean (Norwich, UK) *L. C. Ebdon (Plymouth, UK) H. J. Ellis (Rozs-on-Wye, UK) J. Fijalkowski (Warsaw, Poland) D.J. Halls (Glasgow, UK) S. J. Haswell (London, UK) *D. A. Hickman (London, UK) G. M. Hieftje (Bloomington, IN, USA) S. J. Hill (Plymouth, UK) H. Hughes (Anglesey, UK) P. N. Keliher (Villanova, PA, USA) K. Kitagawa (Nagoya, Japan) *D. Littlejohn (Glasgow, UK) K. W. Jackson (Saskatoon, Canada) F. J. M. J. Maessen (Amsterdam, The Nether- lands) *J. Marshall (Middlesbrough, UK) E. Meintjies (Pretoria, South Africa) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne, France) I. Novotny (Brno, Czechoslovakia) P. E. Paus (Oslo, Norway) P. R. Poole (Hamilton, New Zealand) T. C. Rains (Washington, DC, USA) J. M. Rooke (Leeds, UK) G. Rossi (lspra, Italy) I. RubeSka (Prague, Czechoslovakia) A. Sanz-Medel (Oviedo, Spain) W. Slavin (Norwalk, CT, USA) R. Stephens (Halifax, Canada) J.Stupar (Ljubljana, Yugoslavia) A. Taylor (Guildford, UK) M. Thompson (London, UK) J. F. Tyson (Loughborough, UK) *A. M. Ure.(Aberdeen, UK) 6. Welz (Uberlingen, FRG) J. 6. Willis (Victoria, Australia) *D. L. Miles (Wallingford, UK) *B. L. Sharp (Aberdeen, UK) *Members of the ASU Executive Committee Editor, JAAS: Judith Egan Assistant Editor: Harpal S. Minhas The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN, UK. Telephone 01-734 9864. Telex No. 268001 US Associate Editor, JAAS: Dr. J. M. Harnly US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, BLDG 161, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Telephone 301 -344-2569 Advertisements: Advertisement Department, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN.Telephone 01-437 8656. Telex No. 268001 Journal ofAnalytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) (ISSN 0267-9477) is published eight time a year by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, London WlVOBN, UK. All order accompanied with payment should be sent directly to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thl Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 1 HN, UK. 1987 Annua subscription rate UK f180.00, Rest of World f202.00, USA $356.00. Air freight and mailing ii the USA by Publications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 11003. USA Postmaster: send address changes t o Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectromerr (JAAS), Publications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 11003. Second clas: postage paid at Jamaica, NY 11431.All other despatches outside the UK by Bulk Airmai within Europe, Accelerated Surface Post outside Europe. PRINTED IN THE UK. 0 The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987. All rights reserved. No part of this publication ma) be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, mechanical, photographic, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permissior of the publishers. Information for Authors -ulI details of how to submit material for mblication in JAASare given in the Instructions :o Authors in Issue 1. Separate copies are wailable on request. The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry :JAAS) is an international journal for the publi- :ation of original research papers, short papers, :ommunications and letters concerned with the development and analytical application of atomic spectrometric techniques. The journal is published eight times a year, includes com- prehensive reviews of specific topics of interest to practising atomic spectroscopists and incor- porates the literature reviews which were pre- viously published in Annual Reports on Analy- tical Atomic Spectroscopy (ARAAS).Manuscripts intended for publication must describe original work related to atomic spec- trometric analysis. Papers on all aspects of the subject will be accepted, including fundamental studies, novel instrument developments and practical analytical applications. As well as AAS, AES and AFS, papers will be welcomed on atomic mass spectrometry and X-ray fluoresc- ence/emission spectrometry.Papers describing the measurement of molecular species where these relate to the characterisation of sources normally used for the production of atoms, or are concerned, for example, with indirect methods of analysis, will also be acceptable for publication. Papers describing the development and applications of hybrid techniques le.g., GC-coupled AAS and HPLC - ICP) will be parti- cularly welcome. Manuscripts on other subjects of direct interest to atomic spectroscopists, including sample preparation and dissolution and analyte preconcentration procedures, as well as the statistical interpretation and use of atomic spectrometric data will also be accept- able for publication. There is no page charge. The following types of papers will be con- sidered.Full papers, describing original work. Short papers: the criteria for originality are the same as for full papers, but short papers generally report less extensive investigations or are of limited breadth of subject matter. Communications, which must be on an urgent matter and be of obvious scientific importance. Communications receive priority and are usually published within 2-3 months of receipt. They are intended for brief descriptions of work that has progressed to a stage at which it is likely to be valuable to workers faced with similar problems. Reviews, which must be a critical evaluation of the existing state of knowledge on a parti- cular facet of analytical atomic spectrometry, Every paper (except Communications) will be submitted to at least two referees, by whose advice the Editorial Board of JAAS will be guided as to its acceptance or rejection.Papers that are accepted must not be published else- where except by permission. Submission of a manuscript will be regarded as an undertaking that the same material is not being considered for publication by another journal. Manuscripts (three copies typed in double spac- ing) should be addressed to: Judith Egan, Editor, JAAS The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London WIV OBN, UK Dr. J. M. Harnly US Associate Editor, JAAS US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, BLDG 161, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA or All queries relating to the presentation and submission of papers, and any correspondence regarding accepted papers and proofs, should be directed to the Editor or US Editor (addresses as above).Members of the JAASEditorial Board (who may be contacted directly or via the Editorial Office) would welcome comments, suggestions and advice on general policy mat- ters concerning JAAS. Fifty reprints are supplied free of charge.Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates - Formerly ARAAS) JAAS Editorial Board* Chairman: L. C. Ebdon (Plymouth, UK) M. S. Cresser (Aberdeen, UK) J. Egan (London, UK) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne, France) D. L. Miles (Wallingford, UK) B. L. Sharp (Aberdeen, UK) M. Thompson (London, UK) A. M. Ure (Aberdeen, UK) *The JAAS Editorial Board reports to the Analytical Editorial Board, Chairman J.D. R. Thomas (Cardiff UK) JAAS Advisory Board F. C. Adams (Antwerp, Belgium) R. M. Barnes (Amherst, MA, USA) L. Bezur (Budapest, Hungary) R. F. Browner (Atlanta, GA, USA) S. Caroli (Rome, Italy) A. J . Curtius ;Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) L. de Galan (Delft, The Netherlands) J. B. Dawson (Leeds, UK) K. Dittrich (Leipzig, GDR) W. Frech (UmeA, Sweden) K. Fuwa (Tokyo, Japan) A. L. Gray (Guildford, UK) S. Greenfield (Loughborough, UK) G. M. Hieftje (Bloomington, lN, USA) G. Horlick (Edmonton, Canada) B. V. L’vov (Leningrad, USSR) Ni Zhe-ming (Beijing, China) N . Omenetto (lspra, Italy) E. PlSko (Bratislava, Czechoslovakia) R. E. Sturgeon (Ottawa, Canada) R. Van Grieken (Antwerp, Belgium) A. Walsh,..K. B. (Victoria, Australia) B. Welz (Uberlingen, FRG) T. S. West (Aberdeen, UK) Atomic Spectrometry Updates Editorial Board Chairman: *M.S. Cresser (Aberdeen, UK) R. M. Barnes (Amherst, MA, USA) N. W. Barnett (Plymouth, UK) *A. A. Brown (Cambridge, UK) J. C. Burridge (Aberdeen, UK) J. B. Dawson (Leeds, UK) J. R. Dean (Norwich, UK) *L. C. Ebdon (Plymouth, UK) *J. Egan (London, UK) *J. Marshall (Middlesbrough, UK) *D. L. Miles (Wallingford, UK) E. Meintjies (Pretoria, South Africa) J . M. Mermet (Villeurbanne, France) I. Novotny (Brno, Czechoslovakia) P. E . Paus (Oslo, Norway) P. R. Poole (Hamilton, New Zealand) T. C. Rains (Washington, DC, USA) J. M. Rooke (Leeds, UK) G. Rossi (lspra, Italy) I. R u be5 ka ( Prague, Czechoslovakia) A. Sanz-Medel (Oviedo, Spain) W. Slavin (Norwalk, CT, USA) R. Stephens (Halifax, Canada) J. Stupar (Ljubljana, Yugoslavia) A.Taylor (Guildford, UK) M. Thompson (London, UK) J. F. Tyson (Loughborough, UK) *A. M. Ure,(Aberdeen, UK) B. Welz (Uberlingen, FRG) J. B. Willis (Victoria, Australia) H. J. Ellis (Ross-on-Wye, UK) J. Fijalkowski (Warsaw, Poland) D. J . Halls (Glasgow, UK) S. J. Haswell (London, UK) *D. A. Hickman (London, UK) G. M. Hieftje (Bloomington, IN, USA) S. J. Hill (Plymouth, UK) H. Hughes (Anglesey, UK) P. N. Keliher (Villanova, PA, USA) K. Kitagawa (Nagoya, Japan) K. W. Jackson (Saskatoon, Canada) F. J . M. J. Maessen (Amsterdam, The Nether- *B. L. Sharp (Aberdeen, UK) *D. Littlejohn (Glasgow, UK) lands) *Members of the ASU Executive Committee Editor, JAAS Judith Egan Assistant Editor: Harpal S . Minhas The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W I V OBN, UK.Telephone 01-734 9864. Telex No. 268001 US Associate Editor, JAAS: Dr. J. M. Harnly US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, BLDG 161, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Telephone 301 -344-2569 Advertisements: Advertisement Department, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN. Telephone 01-437 8656. Telex No. 268001 Journal ofAnalytica1 Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) (ISSN 0267-9477) is published eight times a year by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, London WIVOBN, UK. All orders accompanied with payment should be sent directly to The Royal Society of Chemistry, The Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 IHN, UK. 1987 Annual subscription rate UK f180.00, Rest of World f202.00, USA $356.00.Air freight and mailing in the USA by Publications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 11003. USA Postmaster: send address changes t o Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS), Publications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 11003. Second class postage paid at Jamaica, NY 11431. All other despatches outside the UK by Bulk Airmail within Europe, Accelerated Surface Post outside Europe. PRINTED IN THE UK. @ The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photographic, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Information for Authors Full details of how to submit material for publication in JAASare given in the Instructions to Authors in Issue 1.Separate copies are available on request. The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) is a n international journal for the publi- cation of original research papers, short papers, communications and letters concerned with the development and analytical application of atomic spectrometric techniques. The journal is published eight times a year, includes corn- prehensive reviews of specific topics of interest to practising atomic spectroscopists and incor- porates the literature reviews which were pre- viously published in Annual Reports on Analy- tical Atomic Spectroscopy (ARAAS). Manuscripts intended for publication must describe original work related to atomic spec- trometric analysis.Papers on all aspects of the subject will be accepted, including fundamental studies, novel instrument developments and practical analytical applications. As well as AAS, AES and AFS, papers will be welcomed on atomic mass spectrometry and X-ray fluoresc- ence/emission spectrometry, Papers describing the measurement of molecular species where these relate to the characterisation of sources normally used for the production of atoms, or are concerned, for example, with indirect methods of analysis, will also be acceptable for publication. Papers describing the development and applications of hybrid techniques (e.g., GC-coupled AAS and HPLC - tCP) wilt be parti- cularly welcome.Manuscripts on other subjects of direct interest to atomic spectroscopists, including sample preparation and dissolution and analyte preconcentration procedures, as well as the statistical interpretation and use of atomic spectrometric data will also be accept- able for publication. There is no page charge. The following types of papers will be con- sidered. f u l l papers, describing original work. Short papers: the criteria for originality are the same as for full papers, but short papers generally report less extensive investigations or are of limited breadth of subject matter. Communications, which must be on an urgent matter and be of obvious scientific importance. Communications receive priority and are usually published within 2-3 months of receipt.They are intended for brief descriptions of work that has progressed to a stage a t which it is likely to be valuable to workers faced with similar problems. Reviews, which must be a critical evaluation of the existing state of knowledge on a parti- cular facet of analytical atomic spectrometry. Every paper (except Communications) will be submitted to at least two referees, by whose advice the Editorial Board of JAAS will be guided as to its acceptance or rejection. Papers that are accepted must not be published else- where except by permission. Submission of a manuscript will be regarded as an undertaking that the same material is not being considered for publication by another journal. Manuscripts (three copies typed in double spac- ing) should be addressed to: Judith Egan, Editor, JAAS The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN, UK Dr. J. M. Harnly US Associate Editor, JAAS US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, BLDG 161, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA or All queries relating to the presentation and submission of papers, and any correspondence regarding accepted papers and proofs, should be directed to the Editor or US Editor (addresses as above). Members of the JAASEditorial Board (who may be contacted directly or via the Editorial Office) would welcome comments, suggestions and advice on general policy mat- ters concerning JAAS. Fifty reprints are supplied free of charge.

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98702FX029

出版商:RSC    

年代:1987

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JASPE2 l(8) 737-834,211 R-242R (1 987) December 1987 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates CONTENTS NEWS AND VIEWS 737 737 738 739 741 741 741 743 743 744 Editorial-Les Ebdon Fourth Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium-David Hickman Fourth BNASS Student Bursaries Conference Report Book Review AS U High I ig h t s- D av i d H i c k m a n 1987 Hilger Spectroscopy Prize Conference and Meetings Gordon F. Kirkbright Bursary Fund Papers in Future Issues PAPERS 745 765 773 785 793 80 1 805 809 813 819 823 829 833 Matrix-effect Observations in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry- Samantha H. Tan, Gary Horlick Effect of Operating Parameters on Analyte Signals in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry-Margaret-Anne Vaughan, Gary Horlick, Samantha H.Tan Influence of Matrix Effects on Methods for the Quantification of Major and Impurity Elements in Brass Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)-Frank Michiels, Freddy Adams Spatially Resolved Absorbance Profiles Detailing the Selenium Vaporisation Process in Electrothermal Atomisers-Maureen S. Droessler, James A. Holcombe Investigations of Interferences in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Dual-cavity Platform. Part 2. Influence of Sodium Chloride and Nickel Chloride on the Atomisation of Lead-Bernhard Welz, Suleyman Akman, Gerhard Schlemmer High-resolution Gas Chromatography With Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry as the Detection System-Olle Nygren Determination of Trimethyllead Salts in Blood Using High-resolution Gas Chromato- graphy - Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Olle Nygren, Carl-Axel N i lsson Indirect Determination of Cationic Surfactants in Frozen Squid by Flame and Electrothermal Atomisation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Pedro Martinez Gonzalez, Carmen Camara Rica, Luis Polo Diez Determination of Manganese, Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium in Pine (Pinus Caribaea) Needle Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry With Slurry Sample Introduction-Nereida Carrion, Zully A.de Benzo, Elias J. Eljuri, Franco Ippoliti, Daniel Flores Simplex Optimisation of a 5-kW Nitrogen-cooled Argon Inductively Coupled Plasma for Maximum Signal to Background Ratios and Minimum Matrix InterferenceGlyn L. Moore, Reinhard G. Bohmer Investigation of Small Volume Cloud Chambers for Use in Inductively Coupled Plasma Nebulisation-Phillip L.Kempster, Jacobus F. Van Staden, Henk R. Van Vliet A Capacitively Heated Tungsten Spiral Atomiser for Atomic Fluorescence Spectro- metric Analysis-Boris V. Arkhangelskii, Alex S. Gonchakov, Svetlana S. Grazhulene COMMUNICATION On the Determination of Analyte Transport Efficiency in Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry-Gertjan Kreuning, Frans J. M. J. Maessen ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE 21 1R Minerals and Refractories-David A. Hickman, Joan M. Rooke, Michael Thompson 231R References Typeset and printed by Black Bear Press Limited, Cambridge, EnglandJASPE2 l(8) 737-834,211 R-242R (1 987) December 1987 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates CONTENTS NEWS AND VIEWS 737 737 738 739 741 741 741 743 743 744 Editorial-Les Ebdon Fourth Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium-David Hickman Fourth BNASS Student Bursaries Conference Report Book Review AS U High I ig h t s- D av i d H i c k m a n 1987 Hilger Spectroscopy Prize Conference and Meetings Gordon F.Kirkbright Bursary Fund Papers in Future Issues PAPERS 745 765 773 785 793 80 1 805 809 813 819 823 829 833 Matrix-effect Observations in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry- Samantha H. Tan, Gary Horlick Effect of Operating Parameters on Analyte Signals in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry-Margaret-Anne Vaughan, Gary Horlick, Samantha H. Tan Influence of Matrix Effects on Methods for the Quantification of Major and Impurity Elements in Brass Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)-Frank Michiels, Freddy Adams Spatially Resolved Absorbance Profiles Detailing the Selenium Vaporisation Process in Electrothermal Atomisers-Maureen S.Droessler, James A. Holcombe Investigations of Interferences in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Dual-cavity Platform. Part 2. Influence of Sodium Chloride and Nickel Chloride on the Atomisation of Lead-Bernhard Welz, Suleyman Akman, Gerhard Schlemmer High-resolution Gas Chromatography With Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry as the Detection System-Olle Nygren Determination of Trimethyllead Salts in Blood Using High-resolution Gas Chromato- graphy - Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Olle Nygren, Carl-Axel N i lsson Indirect Determination of Cationic Surfactants in Frozen Squid by Flame and Electrothermal Atomisation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Pedro Martinez Gonzalez, Carmen Camara Rica, Luis Polo Diez Determination of Manganese, Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium in Pine (Pinus Caribaea) Needle Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry With Slurry Sample Introduction-Nereida Carrion, Zully A.de Benzo, Elias J. Eljuri, Franco Ippoliti, Daniel Flores Simplex Optimisation of a 5-kW Nitrogen-cooled Argon Inductively Coupled Plasma for Maximum Signal to Background Ratios and Minimum Matrix InterferenceGlyn L. Moore, Reinhard G. Bohmer Investigation of Small Volume Cloud Chambers for Use in Inductively Coupled Plasma Nebulisation-Phillip L. Kempster, Jacobus F. Van Staden, Henk R. Van Vliet A Capacitively Heated Tungsten Spiral Atomiser for Atomic Fluorescence Spectro- metric Analysis-Boris V. Arkhangelskii, Alex S. Gonchakov, Svetlana S. Grazhulene COMMUNICATION On the Determination of Analyte Transport Efficiency in Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry-Gertjan Kreuning, Frans J. M. J. Maessen ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE 21 1R Minerals and Refractories-David A. Hickman, Joan M. Rooke, Michael Thompson 231R References Typeset and printed by Black Bear Press Limited, Cambridge, England

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98702BX031

出版商:RSC    

年代:1987

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

1988 Winter Conference On Plasma Spectrochemis try San Diego, California, USA January 5 9 , 1988 The 1988 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry, fifth in a series of biennial meetings sponsored by the ICP Information Newsletter, will feature developments in plasma spectrochemical analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), d.c. plasma (DCP), microwave plasma (MIP) and glow and hollow-cathode discharge (GDL, HCL) sources. The meeting will convene Monday, January 4 to Saturday, January 9,1988 at the San Diego Princess resort and convention centre in San Diego. Expert short courses at introductory and advanced levels and an exhibition of spectroscopic instrumentation also will be included. ~ Programme and Objectives Symposia organised and chaired by recognised experts will include the following topics: (1) Sample introduction and transport phenomena; (2) Listrumentation and automation, including on-line analysis and remote systems; (3) Excitation mechanisms and plasma characteristics; (4) Interferometry; ( 5 ) Atomic fluorescence; (6) Glow and hollow-cathode discharges; (7) Flow injection analysis; (8) Chromatography and plasma detectors; (9) Plasma source mass spectrometry; (10) Industrial applications of ICP mass spectrometry; and (11) Sample preparation and pre-concentration techniques.Six plenary and 15 invited lectures will be presented. Three afternoon poster sessions will feature applications, automation and new instrumentation. Four panel discussions will address critical development areas. Plenary, invited and submitted papers will be published as the official conference proceedings following the meeting after peer review in Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry , September 1988 issue.Instrument Exhibition A three day exhibition of spectroscopic instrumentation and chemicals , electronics, glassware, publications and software supporting plasma spectroscopy will complement the scheduled sessions. Expert Short Courses Introductory and advanced four-hour short courses will be offered January 2-3 and 9,1988. Designed to provide background and intensive training in popular topics of plasma spectrochemistry, these will cover analytical applications, instrumentation, samples introduction and various techniques (e.g., plasma diagnostics, scientific writing, chemical and physical pre-concentration and applications of isotope dilution and tracers).Registration The conference registration fee includes a copy of the conference proceedings, abstracts, a tee-shirt and conference dinner. The pre-registration fee is $275 until October 16, 1987, after which time it will be $375. On-site registration will be $400. Discounts are provided for students, and no registration fee is required for spouses. Short-course pre-registration fee $75 for each four-hour short course, after October 16 this will be $100. Further details on all aspects of the Conference can be obtained from: Dr. Ramon M. Barnes Department of Chemistry, GRC Towers, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-0035, USA (413) 545-22941988 Winter Conference On Plasma Spectrochemis try San Diego, California, USA January 5 9 , 1988 The 1988 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry, fifth in a series of biennial meetings sponsored by the ICP Information Newsletter, will feature developments in plasma spectrochemical analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), d.c.plasma (DCP), microwave plasma (MIP) and glow and hollow-cathode discharge (GDL, HCL) sources. The meeting will convene Monday, January 4 to Saturday, January 9,1988 at the San Diego Princess resort and convention centre in San Diego. Expert short courses at introductory and advanced levels and an exhibition of spectroscopic instrumentation also will be included. ~ Programme and Objectives Symposia organised and chaired by recognised experts will include the following topics: (1) Sample introduction and transport phenomena; (2) Listrumentation and automation, including on-line analysis and remote systems; (3) Excitation mechanisms and plasma characteristics; (4) Interferometry; ( 5 ) Atomic fluorescence; (6) Glow and hollow-cathode discharges; (7) Flow injection analysis; (8) Chromatography and plasma detectors; (9) Plasma source mass spectrometry; (10) Industrial applications of ICP mass spectrometry; and (11) Sample preparation and pre-concentration techniques.Six plenary and 15 invited lectures will be presented. Three afternoon poster sessions will feature applications, automation and new instrumentation. Four panel discussions will address critical development areas. Plenary, invited and submitted papers will be published as the official conference proceedings following the meeting after peer review in Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry , September 1988 issue.Instrument Exhibition A three day exhibition of spectroscopic instrumentation and chemicals , electronics, glassware, publications and software supporting plasma spectroscopy will complement the scheduled sessions. Expert Short Courses Introductory and advanced four-hour short courses will be offered January 2-3 and 9,1988. Designed to provide background and intensive training in popular topics of plasma spectrochemistry, these will cover analytical applications, instrumentation, samples introduction and various techniques (e.g., plasma diagnostics, scientific writing, chemical and physical pre-concentration and applications of isotope dilution and tracers). Registration The conference registration fee includes a copy of the conference proceedings, abstracts, a tee-shirt and conference dinner. The pre-registration fee is $275 until October 16, 1987, after which time it will be $375. On-site registration will be $400. Discounts are provided for students, and no registration fee is required for spouses. Short-course pre-registration fee $75 for each four-hour short course, after October 16 this will be $100. Further details on all aspects of the Conference can be obtained from: Dr. Ramon M. Barnes Department of Chemistry, GRC Towers, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-0035, USA (413) 545-2294

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98702FP043

出版商:RSC    

年代:1987

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

First International Conference on Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry Sponsored by VG Elemental and organised in conjunction with the University of Durham, Durham, UK September 12--16, 1988 VG Elemental is to sponsor the 1st International Conference on Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry. Organised in conjunction wih Dr. Grenville Holland of the Department of Geological Sciences at Durham University, the conference aims to build on the experience and success of the plasma conferences held in 1985 and 1087 at Surrey University, under the direction of Dr. Alan Gray, whilst expanding the scale of the event to match developments in the technique. Key developments and novel applications in plasma mass spectrometry will be highlighted by invited speakers, as well as in contributed presentations from scientists across the world.Particular reference will be given to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). widely accepted as the fastest growing elemental analysis technique and Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), the most sensitive direct solids analysis technique. The setting for the conference is the attractive university town of Durham; with its historic Norman castle and cathedral, widely acknowledged as the finest example of Norman architecture in the world. A full social programme, in conjunction with the conference agenda, will enable delegates to explore the city and special visits will be made to attractions outside the town and of course a major feature will be the conference banquet. Durham University is a logical venue for the event as Dr.Holland and his colleagues in the university’s Industrial Research Laboratory utilise VG ICP-MS for internal projects as well as offering an external service to industry. For further information please contact Paul Webb at: VG Elemental, Ion Path Road Three W insford Cheshire CW7 3BX UK Telephone: 0606 551 121Ramon M. Barnes, Editor Department of Chemistry GRC Towers University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003-0035 Tel. (413) 545-2294 0 bjectlve The lCP Information Newsletter is a monthly journal published by the Plasma Research Group at the University of Massachu- setts and is devoted exclusively to the rapid and impartial dissem- ination of news and literature information related to the devel- opment and applications of plasma sources for spectrochemical analysis.Background lCP stands for inductively coupled plasma discharge, which dur- ing the past decade has become the leading spectrochemical excitation source for atomic emission spectroscopy. ICP sources are also applied commercially as an atom and ion cell in atomic fluorescence spectrometry and as an ion source for mass spec- trometry. The popularity of this source and the need to collect in a single literature reference all of the pertinent data on ICP stimulated the publication of 'the ICP lnformation Newsletter in 1975. Other plasma sources, such as microwave induced plas- mas and direct current plasma jets, have also grown in popularity and are included in the scope of the ICP lnformation Newsletter. scope As the only authoritative monthly journal of its type, the ICP Information Newsletter is read in more than 40 countries by scientists actively applying or planning to use the ICP or other types of plasma spectroscopy.For the novice in the field, the ICP Information Newsletter provides a concise and systema- tic source of information and background material needed for the selection of instrumentation or the development of new meth- odology. Edltorial The ICP lnformation Newsletter is edited by Dr. Ramon M. Barnes, Professor of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, with the assistance of a 20-member Board of National Correspondents composed of leading plasma spectroscopists. The Board members from around the world report news, view- points, and developments. Or. Barnes has been conducting plasma research on ICP and other discharges since 1968.He also serves as chairman of the Winter Conferences on Plasma S pect roc hemist ry. Regular Feature8 *Original submitted and invited research articles by ICP and plasma experts. Complete bibliography of all major ICP publications from 1961 to the present. Abstracts of all ICP papers presented at major US and interna- tional meetings. First-hand accounts o f ICP developments from na- tions around the world. *Special reports on microwave and other plasma progress. Calendar and advanced programs of plasma meetings. Publication of plasma-related patents. Technical translations and reprints of critical foreign- Critical reviews of plasma-related books. language ICP papers. Conference Activities The ICP Information Newsletter has sponsored five international meetings on developments in atomic plasma spectrochemical analysis since 1980 in San Juan, Orlando, San Diego, Leysin, Switzerland, and Kailua-Kona, HI.Meeting proceedings have ap- peared as Developments in Atomic Plasma Spectrochemical Analy- sis (Wiley), Plasma Spectrochemistry and Plasma Spectrochemistry II (Pergamon Press) as well as in special issues of Spectrochimica Acta, Part B and Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. Subscription Information Subscriptions are available for 12 issues on either an annual or volume basis. The first issue of each volume begins in June and the last issue is published in May. For example, Volume 12 runs from June 1986 through May 1987. Back issues beginning with Volume 1, May 1975 are also available. To begin a subscription, complete the attached order form, and submit it with prepayment or purchase in- formation.For additional information please call (41 3) 545-2294 or contact the Editor. Detach and 8end to: ICP Information Newsletter, Dr. Ramon M. Barn- Department of Chemistry, GRC Towers, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-0035 Telephone (413) 545-2294 Start a subscription for the following issues (complete): [ ] Volume(s) - (June 198-- May 198-) or [ ] 198- (January-December) I enclose: [ ] prepayment or [ ] purchase order (No. ) or [ ] Send invoice. Current subscription rates are $49 (North America), $69 (Europe, South America), or $75 (Africa, Asia, IndianlPacific Ocean Areas, Middle East, and USSR).Back issues rates available on request.Ramon M. Barnes, Editor Department of Chemistry GRC Towers University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003-0035 Tel. (413) 545-2294 0 bjectlve The lCP Information Newsletter is a monthly journal published by the Plasma Research Group at the University of Massachu- setts and is devoted exclusively to the rapid and impartial dissem- ination of news and literature information related to the devel- opment and applications of plasma sources for spectrochemical analysis. Background lCP stands for inductively coupled plasma discharge, which dur- ing the past decade has become the leading spectrochemical excitation source for atomic emission spectroscopy. ICP sources are also applied commercially as an atom and ion cell in atomic fluorescence spectrometry and as an ion source for mass spec- trometry.The popularity of this source and the need to collect in a single literature reference all of the pertinent data on ICP stimulated the publication of 'the ICP lnformation Newsletter in 1975. Other plasma sources, such as microwave induced plas- mas and direct current plasma jets, have also grown in popularity and are included in the scope of the ICP lnformation Newsletter. scope As the only authoritative monthly journal of its type, the ICP Information Newsletter is read in more than 40 countries by scientists actively applying or planning to use the ICP or other types of plasma spectroscopy. For the novice in the field, the ICP Information Newsletter provides a concise and systema- tic source of information and background material needed for the selection of instrumentation or the development of new meth- odology.Edltorial The ICP lnformation Newsletter is edited by Dr. Ramon M. Barnes, Professor of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, with the assistance of a 20-member Board of National Correspondents composed of leading plasma spectroscopists. The Board members from around the world report news, view- points, and developments. Or. Barnes has been conducting plasma research on ICP and other discharges since 1968. He also serves as chairman of the Winter Conferences on Plasma S pect roc hemist ry. Regular Feature8 *Original submitted and invited research articles by ICP and plasma experts. Complete bibliography of all major ICP publications from 1961 to the present.Abstracts of all ICP papers presented at major US and interna- tional meetings. First-hand accounts o f ICP developments from na- tions around the world. *Special reports on microwave and other plasma progress. Calendar and advanced programs of plasma meetings. Publication of plasma-related patents. Technical translations and reprints of critical foreign- Critical reviews of plasma-related books. language ICP papers. Conference Activities The ICP Information Newsletter has sponsored five international meetings on developments in atomic plasma spectrochemical analysis since 1980 in San Juan, Orlando, San Diego, Leysin, Switzerland, and Kailua-Kona, HI. Meeting proceedings have ap- peared as Developments in Atomic Plasma Spectrochemical Analy- sis (Wiley), Plasma Spectrochemistry and Plasma Spectrochemistry II (Pergamon Press) as well as in special issues of Spectrochimica Acta, Part B and Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry.Subscription Information Subscriptions are available for 12 issues on either an annual or volume basis. The first issue of each volume begins in June and the last issue is published in May. For example, Volume 12 runs from June 1986 through May 1987. Back issues beginning with Volume 1, May 1975 are also available. To begin a subscription, complete the attached order form, and submit it with prepayment or purchase in- formation. For additional information please call (41 3) 545-2294 or contact the Editor. Detach and 8end to: ICP Information Newsletter, Dr. Ramon M.Barn- Department of Chemistry, GRC Towers, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-0035 Telephone (413) 545-2294 Start a subscription for the following issues (complete): [ ] Volume(s) - (June 198-- May 198-) or [ ] 198- (January-December) I enclose: [ ] prepayment or [ ] purchase order (No. ) or [ ] Send invoice. Current subscription rates are $49 (North America), $69 (Europe, South America), or $75 (Africa, Asia, IndianlPacific Ocean Areas, Middle East, and USSR). Back issues rates available on request.JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 1 NAME OEC'87 READER ENQUIRY SERVICE ~. For further information about any of the products featured in the advertisements in this issue, please write the appropriate number in one of the boxes below. Postage paid if posted in the British Isles but overseas readers must affix a stamp. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Postage will be paid by Licensee Do not affix Postage Stamps if posted in Gt. Britain, Channel Islands, N. Ireland or the Isle of Man BUSINESS REPLY SERVICE Licence No. WD 106 Reader Enquiry Service Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry The Royal Society of Chemistry Burl ington House, Piccadil ly LONDON WIE 6WF England I I 2 ! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98702BP045

出版商:RSC    

年代:1987

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 211R ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE-MINERALS AND REFRACTOR1 ES David A. Hickman" The Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory, 109 Lambeth Road, London SE 7 7LP, UK Joan M. Rooke Department of Earth Sciences, The University, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Michael Thompson Department of Chemistry, Birkbeck College, University of London, 29 Gordon Square, London WC? E 6BT, UK Summary of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Sample Preparation 2.1. Trends in Sample Preparation 2.2. Solid Sample Introduction 2.2.1. Introduction as slurries 2.2.2. Laser ablation methods 2.2.3. Other methods 2.3. Decomposition with Acids 2.3.1. Open-vessel procedures 2.3.2. Bomb decompositions 2.4.1. Borate fusions 2.4.2. Other fusions 2.5.1. Solvent extraction 2.5.2.ion exchange 2.5.3. Co-precipitation 2.4. Fusion Methods 2.5. Separation and Pre-concentration 3 Atomic Emission Spectrometry 3.1. Arc or Spark Excitation 3.2. Inductively Coupled Plasma 3.3. Direct Current Plasma 3.4. Microwave Plasma 4 Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry 5 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 5.1. Flame Atomisation 5.2. Elect rot her ma1 Atom isat ion 5.3. Other Methods 6 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry 7 X-ray Methods 8 Comparison of Methods 9 Analyses of Certified Reference Materials Table 1. Summary of Analyses of Minerals and Refractories This Atomic Spectrometry Update is based on abstracts received between 1st May 1986 and 30th April 1987, which have been published as Atomic Spectrometry Update References (8611835-87/1802) in JAAS.An abbreviated list of the references cited (excluding Conference papers) is given at the end of this Update, but full details of the references, including authors' names and, for each reference, the address of the first named author, can be found in the following issues of ,MAS: No. 6, Volume 1, 1986, and Nos. 1, 3,4, 5 and 7, Volume 2, 1987. * Review Co-ordinator , to whom correspondence should be addressed.212R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 1. INTRODUCTION Althoilgh analysts will always be interested (generally as onlookers) in the application of a new technique such as ICP-MS to their particular analytical problems, a survey of the papers published during the past review year reveals that the most popular methods for analysing minerals and refractory materials involve classical emission spectroscopy, AAS and ICP-AES.These instrumental techniques have been the subject of a number of reviews concerned with the analysis of the above sample types. Willis (87/923) has pointed out that the most important analytical techniques used by the geochem- ist at present are AAS, ICP-AES, NAA, isotope-dilution MS, XRFS and analysis with the electron microprobe. Citing 21 references, he described some applications to the solving of major problems in geochemistry. He emphasised the impor- tance of CRMs, and concluded that the general quality of trace element data has improved over the past 25 years, as a direct result of the application of modern instrumentation. Flanagan (87/1313) has given a comprehensive review, with 480 references, of the history, preparation, homogeneity and sources of error in SRMs for geology and geochemistry.In this major work he also lists approximately 850 of these samples and their sources. In a general description of the use of ICP-AES in applied geology and geochemistry, Walsh (871 1174) made particular reference to both its attributes and limitations for rapid multi-element analysis. Barnes (86/1939) has also reviewed the features and capabilities of ICP-AES and, with 60 references, decribed its use for the analysis of ceramics, glass and refractory materials. Two reviews have appeared in Japanese: Terashima (87/412, 87/967) surveyed the determination of trace elements in rocks and minerals by flame, electrothermal atomisation and hydride generation AAS (80 references), whilst Hiiro (87/1488) reviewed the application of AAS and FAES to the analysis of bricks and ceramics (28 references). A review in Chinese by Guo (86/2006) was concerned with the application of hydride generation non-dispersive AFS to geochemical analysis.2. SAMPLE PREPARATION 2.1. Trends in Sample Preparation In the year since the previous Atomic Spectrometry Update on Minerals and Refractories (87/1540) there has been a modest increase in the number of papers concerned with the introduction of solid samples (i. e., without dissolution), and a discernable improvement in the results reported for these methods. However, there are still problems in the atomisation of refractories in plasmas and it is hoped that attention will be concentrated on this area of research, as refractories are the materials most resistant to chemical dissolution.Although resistant, most materials in this class can be dissolved by a suitable acid mixture in a bomb at elevated pressures, or fused with a borate flux. The main limitation of these methods is that they have not, in general, been developed in a way that minimises the labour content or that permits fast operation. It is encouraging to see the few reports by workers who have addressed this problem, for instance by automating the fusion process. Much more work in this area is needed, in order to make sample decomposition methods as productive as the instruments that they serve. Separation techniques remain a necessity for low trace analysis, due to the sometimes overwhelming interference effects suffered by ultra-trace elements in the presence of a matrix at a concentration perhaps a million times higher.There is no indication that this situation will ever be substantially alleviated and, as a consequence, solid introduc- tion methods can never entirely replace dissolution pro- cedures. Many separation schemes have been studied and found to be effective, and some of these are appropriate for the multi-element separation of analytes from the matrix. However, there is an imbalance between effectiveness and efficiency as most reported methods describe the use of time-consuming and laborious batch-wise operations that involve ion exchange or solvent extraction. The development of efficient manual or automated methodologies is long overdue.2.2. Solid Sample Introduction 2.2.1. Introduction as slurries Many groups of workers have reported the nebulisation of slurries into the ICP or the DCP. There is increasing recognition of the value of the latter plasma in this context. The principal reason for this lies in the sample transport rather than the atomisation efficiency: ICP torches are liable to block when high-solid or sticky slurries are nebulised (87/C1624) whilst the DCP has no torch to block. Slurry nebulisation has been compared with other methods of powder introduction (87/435), and in one report the introduction of the slurry tangentially into the ICP above the induction zone was advocated (87/C1607). The analysis of coal by the slurry method remains popular (87/C162, 87/C827, 87/1243). Ebdon and co-workers continue to make valuable contribu- tions in this area. They have reported the critical factors for effective work with both the ICP and the DCP, and applied the method to coal, zeolites and other minerals (87/C162, 87/C163, 87/C195).They have also described the “bead and bottle” method of slurry preparation in which the sample is shaken in a polypropylene bottle with zirconia beads, using an ordinary flask shaker. The slurry is separated from the beads (which can be re-used) by passing through a sieve (87/C163). Jackson and Karwowska (87/C161, 87/1718) have studied the atomisation of trace elements from refractory samples introduced as slurries for ETA-AAS. Their method was reported to be successfully applied to soils, although there appeared to be problems with the occlusion of lead by low-temperature alumina.2.2.2. Laser ablation methods Laser ablation ICP-AES has been used for powdered oxide materials (87/435), and a direct examination of the line emission from the laser generated plasma was employed for the analysis of ceramics, and of aqueous solutions absorbed into filter-paper (87/C557). Inclusions in magnesium oxide have been examined by laser ablation on to small graphite collector rings for subsequent determination using a d.c. arc (86/2023). Despite these reports, relatively little progress has been reported in laser ablation methods, although Mitchell et al. (86/1841) have described a new type of chamber for use with the DCP, used in combination with an interface for the removal of larger particles. 2.2.3.Other methods The introduction of A1 alloys into an ICP by means of a commercial spark nebuliser has been compared with the traditional point-to-plane spark emission method in both argon and nitrogen. Background equivalent concentration values were generally less favourable for the nebulisation method (87K1621). Spark nebulisation has also been used for the analysis of coal fly ash in a pelletised mixture with graphite; RSDs of 5% were achieved for several elements (87lC720). In the direct mobilisation of powders ground to aJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 213R particle size of less than 14ym, RSDs of 10-20% were reported (87/100). Park and Hall (87/C8ll) have used an electrothermal vaporiser for introducing Mo and W into an ICP-MS.The initial fusion of the sample produced a solution with a solid content of about 4%, which was too high for ICP-MS. The salt matrix was removed before the analytes were vaporised in an atmosphere which contained Freon to increase volatility and prevent carbide formation. 2.3. Decomposition with Acids 2.3.1. Open-vessel procedures Mixtures of acids containing HF, HC104 and HN03 remain the most popular by a large margin, although the procedures described offer few surprises for those who are familiar with this field. Acid decomposition has been used as a preliminary to ICP-AES, FAAS or ETA-AAS for REEs in geological materials (87/290,87/1509,87/1511) and in nuclear grade U02 (87/692), for the multi-element analyses of geological materials (86/1883, 87/250, 87/1210) and glass for forensic studies (87/C767).Single- and few-element methods have also been reported: Be in granitic rocks (87/578), K and Na in molecular sieves (87/390), Li in rocks (87/492), Mo (87/264) and Pb (87/679) in environmental samples, Sc in fly ash (87/1527) and W in rocks and minerals (86/2031). Ten digestion methods were compared for the determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in sediment clays, and digestion with HN03-HF-HC104 was considered to be the most effective (87/250). Uchida et al. (87/1205) reported the determination of trace metals in Sic after treatment with HF - HC104 - HN03. The impurities concentrated in the grain boundaries were dissolved, but the bulk of the Sic was unaffected by the acid mixture.In a hydride generation AAS determination of As and Sb in geological materials after decomposition with HC104 - HF - HN03 - KMn04, interfer- ences were removed by the addition of ascorbic acid, KI and AlC13 (87/1276, 87/1508). One method reported requires special mention as being potentially dangerous. Diamantatos (87/95) described the dissolution of lead fire-assay buttons in a mixture of 70% HC104 and anhydrous acetic acid at 180 "C, prior to the AAS determination of Ag, Au, Pd and Pt. While the author reported no problems, mixtures of HC104 and organic substances are notorious for their unpredictable behaviour. Aqua regia is often the mixture of choice for the dissolution of samples containing sulphide minerals or precious metals.It has been used for the decomposition of geological samples for the determination of Au by ICP-AES (87/C1411), and in graphite furnace AAS methods for Au and Pd (87/1510) and Pd and Pt (87/1552). Non-dispersive AFS was used to determine As, Bi, Hg, S, Sb, Se and Te in cinnabar, following an aqua regia dissolution (87/938). Complex sulphides have been decomposed by the same acid mixture (or alternatively by HN03 and Br2), followed by treatment with tartaric acid and ammonium acetate to solubilise PbS04 (87/640). Aqua regia was also employed for the dissolution of rare earth - cobalt magnets (87/479). A variety of other acid mixtures has been reported for specific purposes. Mills (87/379) used HN03 - HF when determining B in coal ash and silicates and found the B to be retained during evaporation while most of the Si was volatilised.Xenotimes and monazites have been rendered soluble in HC1 after an initial evaporation with H2S04; this was regarded as the best method out of four alternatives (87/380). Magneto-optical garnets have been dissolved in H2S04 - HN03 mixtures (87/525). Sen Gupta (87/C876) re- ported the determination of Ba, Rb and Sr in barite which had been dissolved by refluxing with ammoniacal disodium EDTA. The powerful oxidising mixture of H5106 with HC104 was used to dissolve graphite before the determination of impurities such as Al, Ca, Fe, Ni, Ti and V (87/1546). Silicate rocks have been decomposed using NH4F - HCl followed by aqua regia, prior to the AAS determination of Au (87/1300).Genna et al. (87/C1628) have developed a microwave diges- tion procedure using HCl - HF. A most promising combination of reagents has been reported by O'Leary and Wets (86/1935) for the decomposi- tion of geological materials, viz. H202 and HC1. This mixture gave good results for the determination of nine elements in the difficult GXR series of reference materials, it has been used extensively in exploration programmes and it also combines well with the multi-element solvent extraction procedure devised by the same workers. 2.3.2. Bomb decompositions A powerful method for dissolving the more refractory substances is decomposition with acid mixtures above their atmospheric pressure boiling-points (i. e., bomb decomposi- tion). However, this procedure is often used when it is not strictly necessary, possibly because large-scale evolution of acid fume can be reduced.Mixtures containing HF, HN03 and often HC104 have been used in bomb decompositions of silicate materials (87/68, 87/338, 87/1301, 87/1457, 87/1463, 87/1504,). Zirconia has been dissolved by HF - HN03 - HC1 at 120 "C (87/246), lead zirconate-titanate by HF - HCI (87/1452) and metal borides with HN03 - HzS04 at 150°C for 3 h (87/1442). For the dissolution of high-purity alumina prior to the determination of 11 elements by ICP-AES, Morikawa et al. (87/1440) found H2SO4 (at 230 "C for 16 h) to be superior to HC1, HF or H3P04. Microwave heating has been studied as an aid to the decomposition of geological materials by HC1- HF - HN03 in a sealed polycarbonate vessel, but the authors reported low recoveries of several elements when refractory minerals were present (87/62).2.4. Fusion Methods Fusion methods remain as popular as acid decompositions (judging by the number of papers advocating them), despite their apparent disadvantages, such as increased solid content of the test solution, greater reagent expense, more problems with reagent blanks, as well as their labour-intensive char- acter. The last factor, however, may soon be alleviated as two papers have described the successful use of automated equipment for sample fusion (87/42, 87lC1332). 2.4.1. Borate fusions As a topic for papers, lithium borate fusion appears to be declining in popularity. Although this could indicate that other fusions are becoming more popular, it is more likely that there is little new to say about a very useful and straight- forward procedure.Lithium metaborate fusion has been reported for the solubilisation of feldspars (87/C1416), rocks (87/C1332), geological samples and fly ash (87/1527), soils and rocks (86/1959) and Zr02 concentrates (87/C1042). A variety of other borates and mixtures containing them have been utilised for fusions. Lithium tetraborate was employed for the decomposition of thorium and uranium oxides (87/946) and barium titanate (87/1439). Mixtures of Li2C03 and H3B03 have been reported for silicate rocks (8711207, 87/1450), while the old-fashioned mixture of Na2C03 and borax still finds favour, having been used for the dissolution of chromites (87/534) and tin ores and concentrates (87198).High-purity alumina was found to be amenable to treatment with Na2C03 and H3B03 (87/1441). 2.4.2. Other fusions Hall and co-workers have described an important method for the direct determination of anion-forming elements (es- pecially B) in geological materials by ICP-AES after a fusion214R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 with sodium carbonate - sodium nitrate (871C882, 87/969, 87/974). They used a similar procedure, followed by a separation, for the determination of Mo and W in geological materials by ICP-MS (87/1729). Sodium peroxide is still occasionally employed in fusions, for example, in the decomposition of rocks for the determina- tion of REEs by ICP-AES (87/74, 87/1448), or for analysing general geological materials for Nb and Ta (87/943).Acid oxidising fluxes have also been used; inorganic pigments were decomposed by K2S208 (87/C1672) and refractory borides, nitrides and carbides by K2S207 - KN03 (87/1489). 2.5. Separation and Pre-concentration The continuing and widespread use of chemical separation procedures before instrumental determination reflects the inability of atomic spectrometric methods to provide sufficient selectivity for many analytical requirements. Many workers are responding to the need for multi-element extraction and pre-concentration procedures that match the multi-element capabilities of techniques such as ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Whilst the chemical effectiveness of these separations is usually perfectly adequate, there is still an obvious require- ment to adapt the technique of such methods more closely to the high-speed continuous operation of the instruments employed subsequent to the chemistry.2.5.1. Solvent extraction In single-element extractions, N-benzoylp hen ylh ydrox ylamine in toluene has been used to extract W from acid digests of rocks (86/2031). Scandium has been separated from phos- phate mineral matrix and REEs by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4- trifluoroacetyl-5-pyrazole in n-butyl ether (874444). Trace levels of Mo have been separated with acetylacetone prior to A number of methods have been described for the separation of groups of elements. Thus Ag, Bi, Cd, Cu, In and Sb were extracted into IBMK as iodides from solutions of ores and concentrates after a complex procedure (86/2028). Ali- quat 336 in IBMK has been used to extract Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb and Zn from solutions of geochemical materials after the addition of KI and ascorbic acid (86/1935).Solvent extraction has also been used in group separations in the reverse manner, i.e., the removal of the matrix from the analytes which remain unaffected in the aqueous solution. This approach is of particular use in removing interfering iron by extraction as FeC14- into IBMK (86/1883, 86/1951). An extraction - AAS method for the determination of Co, Mn and Ni in metallurgical copper materials containing considerable ETA-AAS (87/C1638). amounts of Al, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn has been developed; tetrabutylammonium bromide was used to improve the extractability of thenoyltrifluoroacetone complexes by ion- pair formation, and the major elements were masked with sodium thiosulphate and sulphosalicylic acid (87/1463).The separation of precious metals prior to instrumental determination is of great importance in the analysis of many materials, as the analyte concentrations are very low. Thus Au, Pd and Pt have been extracted into n-octylamine from HC1 and H202 with no interference in the subsequent graphite furnace AAS determination (87/941). Gold has also been determined by graphite furnace AAS in arsenic antimony ore after co-extraction with iron as chloro-anions into IBMK; the iron was removed by precipitation as Fe(OH)3 and the Au re-extracted (87/1748). Trioctylamine foam was used to separate Pt prior to AAS determination with a graphite furnace (87/526), and the same element has also been extracted with thiobenzoanilide (87/408).Silver has been separated from rock digests by means of sulphydryl cotton (87/945). 2.5.2. Ion exchange The use of ion exchange to achieve group separations has found particular application in avoiding spectrochemical interferences in ICP-AES. In one method Bi, Cd, Mo and U were collected on an anion-exchange column from an NH,CNS, HC1 and ascorbic acid medium, while the geological matrix elements passed through (87/940). In another method Pd and Pt were adsorbed on an anion exchanger from aqua regia digests of geological material (87/1552). Ion-exchange resins have been used to separate REEs from their geological matrix (871290, 87/1277, 87/1509, 87/1511). The opposite principle (retention of the interferences on the column) was found to be effective in the determination of trace elements in uranium and thorium materials (87/946, 8711226).In a rapid separation of Nb and Ta the fusion mixture was treated with cation resin and citric acid; the Nb and Ta formed stable complexes with the citric acid and remained in solution (87/943). 2.5.3. Co-precipitation Co-precipitation can be an extremely effective method of separating trace analytes and, although it is essentially a batch process, it can be made fairly rapid. Gold and Pd have been separated from solutions derived from geological materials by co-precipitation with Hg by SnC12 (87/1510) and As by co-precipitation on Se (87/1791). Ten impurity elements in high-purity alumina were co-precipitated with zirconium hydroxide (87/1441).3. ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY 3.1. Arc or Spark Excitation of Na2S04+ BaS04+ C was used in the d.c. arc AES Although classic spectrographic methods continue to be employed for the direct analysis of various minerals and refractories (e.g., 87/7, 87/577, 87/605, 87/944), an interesting application is for “sampling, ” in methods which involve the separation of the sampling and excitation steps. A controlled waveform high-voltage spark has been used to “sample” coal fly ash mixed in a graphite pellet; the resulting vapour was entrained into an ICP for analysis (87/C720). Genna and Petit (87/C1621) used a commercial spark discharge - ICP system for the direct analysis of aluminium and alumina, but found determination of 33 elements in cassiterite (87/685), and a gallium oxide spectrochemical carrier - buffer was found to enhance the early emission of volatile elements in a carrier distillation procedure (87/393). Drobyshev et al.(871970) reported the application of an isotopic dilution AES method to the determination of Eu, Lu, Sm and Yb in silicate rocks. Conversion of the lanthanoids into oxides was followed by mixing with aluminium powder, placing in an aluminium hollow cathode and recording the hyperfine isotope structures of the spectra. that the detection-limits were not as good as classical spark emission spectroscopy. In the analysis of lead telluride, Baranova et al. (87/269) preferred to remove matrix material by precipitation, but other workers have continued a long tradition by reporting the use of various buffer mixtures to suppress interferences.A mixture 3.2. Inductively Coupled Plasma Table 1 lists a variety of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric procedures for analysing geological materials and refractories. The determination of the rare earth elements is obviously an area of considerable interest (87/74,JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 215R 871380, 871692, 87/C1017, 87/C1417, 87/1448, 87/1459), and whilst some workers prefer to separate matrix elements, others utilise various practical or statistical methods for correcting the spectral interferences. Walsh and Barker (871C1417) found that it was possible, by carefully evaluating the possible influence of spectral overlaps, scattered light effects, continuum emission signals and matrix effects, to determine REEs routinely in geological samples at sub-p.p.m.levels without separation or pre-concentration of the elements. In the area of instrumentation, an interesting variation on the usual configuration for ICP-AES was the use of end-on viewing of an ICP; this was combined with a medium quartz spectrograph for the determination of 40 trace impurity elements in uranium compounds (87/1226). Although most workers with ICP-AES are unlikely to carry out any extensive modifications to their commercially-produced instrumenta- tion, the one area that attracts much tinkering by analysts is nebulisation. Variations on the four major types of nebuliser, the frit, the V-groove (Babington), the concentric-flow and the cross-flow, are widely promoted, but alternative methods of nebulisation, e.g., electrothermal vaporisation, have also been reported.Anderau et al. (87K1668) used a comparison of RSD values for their assessment of the performance of seven commercially available high-solids nebulisers for aspir- ating NaCl, LiBOz and infant formula matrices. De Win (87/C1352) has pointed out that a silicon blank is often observed from the glass sample introduction system and quartz torch found in most ICF systems. The sample introduc- tion blank was eliminated by using a cross-flow nebuliser fabricated from Ryton. Although all the quartz tubes in this author’s demountable torch were replaced by aluminium oxide ceramic, little success was achieved in establishing a negligible blank.Detectable levels of other elements may result from acid attack on the glassware of conventional nebulisers. Mills (87/379) has described a procedure for determining B in coal ash and silicates in which dissolution in HN03 - HF was followed by complexing the excess of fluoride with A1C13 .6H20 solution; after dilution the sample solution did not attack the borosilicate glass nebuliser. Kocken (87/C1413) reported a modification of the analysis programme on his polychromator system to allow the simul- taneous measurement of trace elements and out-of-range major elements, by substituting shorter integration times for those elements that proved too intense during the run. Thompson (8W2036) has pointed out that the commonly quoted precision of 1.5% relative which can be achieved for the ICP-AES determination of major constituents falls short of the standards set by geologists for petrological studies.He has studied the causes of variations in ICP-AES, and reduced them by employing a chemometric procedure (the parameter related internal standard method) to give improved precisions of 0.4% or better for major constituents in rocks. Borsier and Labarraque (87/28) have also addressed the question of improving the reproducibility of routine analysis, and re- ported that with automatic regulation of nebulisation and sheathing gas flows it was possible to analyse 200 samples per day for 34 elements, with a reproducibility of better than 5%. Brenner and Eldad (87/1318) have updated their spectral line atlas by listing experimentally obtained spectral line interferences. They recommended the Sc I1 361.384-nm line as an internal reference to permit calibration with aqueous standards.De Silva et al. (87/C885) discussed the application of internal standard methods for improving the accuracy and precision of analytical results by correcting for signal noise and matrix effects. Thompson et al. (87/1728) have confirmed that some matrix effects are caused by matrix-induced changes in excitation conditions in the plasma, as spectral lines are affected to an extent that depends on their excitation potentials. “Interactive power adjustment” was used to reduce matrix effects on most of the lines studied to a small level. Matrix effects due to calcium have attracted some attention.Thompson and Ram- sey (871488) found that up to 1% calcium suppressed most analyte sensitivities by up to 30%, but Li could be suppressed or enhanced depending on small changes in the conditions. The effects were closely related to analyte excitation poten- tials. The authors compared three methods for overcoming the calcium matrix effects: interactive matrix matching, mathematical correction by curve fitting to an empirical function and the parameter related internal standard method. Castillo et al. (87/C1414) found that the presence of calcium at up to 1000 p.p.m. in the solutions analysed produced slight alterations in the sensitivity, but this effect could be eliminated by an incomplete matrix matching of calcium concentrations. They divided their samples into four groups based on the calcium concentration: <5%, up to 10%’ up to 20% and up to 30%.3.3. Direct Current Plasma Direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry has been employed for the determination of low levels of Be in geological samples (87/392), where the most sensitive part of the plasma jet was close to the centre of the excitation region. In the determination of trace levels of Pb in an inorganic pigment (86/C1672), Hitch et al. found several emission lines to be unsuitable due to line interferences, and background subtraction techniques were necessary to obtain a successful analysis. McCreary et al. (87/C1630) claimed that the d.c. plasma is the most suitable plasma emission source for the introduction of samples as slurries, but stated that the limits of detection were an order of magnitude worse than those in ICP-AES. 3.4.Microwave Plasma A microwave inducedplasma has been used for the determina- tion of trace amounts of P and Si in electronics grade niobium pentoxide (87K1008). 4. ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY A few papers refer to the application of nun-dispersive atomic fluorescence spectrometry to the analysis of geological samples. Mercury has been determined, with a detection limit of 4.2 X 10-11 g by a cold-vapour method (87/939), and with a detection limit of 9 x 10-11 g, in a method involving a furnace heated to 850°C (87/532). Hydride generation has been employed in the AFS determination of Ge (87/530) and in the analysis of cinnabar for As, Bi, Sb, Se and Te (87/938).The availability of a commercial inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometer has produced one applica- tion paper of relevance to this review. Sanzolone (87/1210) determined six elements in 16 geological reference materials, but two different sets of operating conditions were employed: for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, and for Fe and Mn. The precision of the method was less than 5% RSD over a wide concentration range, and the analyses were in good agreement with literature values.216R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 5. ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY 5.1. Flame Atomisation Many procedures utilising flame atomic absorption spec- trometry have been published (Table l), but the main interest in many of these is in the sample digestion or extraction steps, covered in detail in section 2 above.In the area of novel instrumentation, the use of SIMAAC (simultaneous multi- element atomic absorption continuum source spectrometry) with flame atomisation has been applied to the determination of eight elements for specific geochemical problems (87/ C1639). In a rapid method for the determination of W in ores and concentrates (87/40), K2Sz08 was employed as releasing agent, giving approximately 75% enhancement of the W signals. In their “general method for silicates analysis,” Voinovitch and Druon (87/94) used a borate fusion followed by dissolution in dilute HN03, and added 10% oxine to suppress the inter- ference of Ca on Si, and La to inhibit the interference of A1 on Ca and Mg. Lanthanum has also been used to eliminate interferences by Al, Si02 and Po43- in a flow injection method for determining Mg in silicates (87/1207).5.2. Electrothermal Atomisation In electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry the use of platform atomisation and/or matrix modification appears to be well established, and many publications refer to these two areas. The use of different types ofgraphite has been recommended by various workers. Yao and Huang (87/524) compared pyrolytic graphite, graphite and tantalum foil lined graphite tubes for the direct determination of trace amounts of Be in rocks, and found all three tubes to give satisfactory results. Batistoni et al. (87/1447), in using pyrolytic graphite coated tubes for the determination of various impurities in nuclear-grade uranium oxide, concluded that good reproduci- bility and a longer life of the graphite tubes could be obtained with ramp atomisation rather than constant potential heating. A variety of substances have been utilised as matrix modifiers.Iridium was employed in the determination of trace amounts of Ag in geochemical materials by Zeeman-effect AAS with a graphite furnace (87/336), whilst Rh was chosen for the determination of Te in pyrite, thereby allowing a higher ashing temperature (87/942). Orthophosphoric acid was used to reduce loss of Zn in the determination of Mg and Zn in gallium arsenide (87/C213). Ammonium fluoride was employed by Kuroda et al. (87/1551) to remove severe matrix effects in the determination of trace amounts of Co and Ni in a variety of standard rocks; they were able to use aqueous HCl solutions for calibration.Mixtures of matrix modifiers have been used. For example, in the determination of T1 in various materials, a mixture of Pd and ascorbic acid was employed (87/383), and in the determination of Be a mixture of aluminium and EDTA was used to eliminate interferences by Ca, Fe, Mg and Na (87/686). Three matrix modifiers (thiourea, EDTA and NH4H2P04) were combined for the determination of trace levels of Cd in geochemical materials; they allowed the ashing temperature to be increased to 700 “C (87/1298). In the determination of Ge in geological samples, four matrix modifiers [NH40H, (NHJ2C204, Ni and HN03] were employed to eliminate the interferences from various ions, and the results were in good agreement with those from a colorimetric method (86/1956).5.3. Other Methods The use of hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry has been reported for the determination of Se and Te in ores and geochemical exploration samples (87/688), and in the determination of Bi in geological materials, including 32 SRMs, by an automated procedure (87/1301). 6. INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY Most of the references to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry that were cited in our last review (87/1540) were conference papers, a reflection of the relatively recent introduction of this technique. Although the relevant refer- ences for the current year are again dominated by conference abstracts, it is pleasing to find that a number of papers have been published in the primary journals. The optimism that was a feature of many of the early ICP-MS publications, extolling the sensitivity and freedom from interferences of the tech- nique, is now tempered by experience.Polyatomic ion interferences have been identified, generated both by the major elements in the medium used for dissolution, and by the matrix (87/C1390). In a report on their progress in methods development for the ICP-MS determination of trace elements, Lichte and Meier (871C812) pointed out that plasma power, sample injection velocity and ion-lens settings should all be optimised for samples containing variable concentrations of matrix salts. Doherty and Vander Voet (871C904) have also described progress: a new ion optics system reduced both short- and long-term drift in their instrument, and also improved the sensitivity.Burstenbinder and Luck (871C1342) reported that they were able to use their commercial ICP-MS instrument for routine analysis of geological samples within four months of its installation, largely because of previous relevant experience. Sample introduction into the ICP by electrothermal vapori- sation (ETV) has been promoted as an alternative to conventional nebulisation. Park and Hall (87/C811) have pointed out that this method enables a salt matrix to be removed before the analyte is vaporised, and therefore recommend it for solutions that contain high concentrations of dissolved salts. They determined Mo and W in geological materials, using Freon at 2 ml min-1 to increase the volatility of these refractory metals.The same workers (87/C902) used ETV - ICP-MS to determine T1 at the p.p.b. level in geological materials; isotope dilution was used for calibration. The extreme sensitivity of ETV-ICP-MS has been applied by Cheung et al. (87/C199) to a most demanding problem, that of performing a complete chemical analysis of fluid inclusions. These are typically of very small volume (lO-9ml) with very low concentrations of analyte elements (typically 1 pg g-1). The analysis of geological samples continues to be an important application area for ICP-MS, and the technique is rapidly gaining acceptance amongst well funded institutions. Date and Hutchison (87/68) have reported the determination of 20 trace elements in six United States Geological Survey (USGS) standard rocks, and found reasonable agreement between their ICP-MS values and previously published data.Date et al. (87/C1390) applied ICP-MS to the analysis of iron-rich samples, an application which suffers from poly- atomic ion interferences; the effect on other interferences of varying the sample dissolution procedure was also studied. McLaren et al. (8711760) determined ten trace elements in a marine sediment reference material. They minimised isobaric interferences by modifying the dissolution procedure and by a careful choice of plasma operating conditions; standardJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 217R additions gave good accuracy for all elements, with the exception of Cu which suffered an isobaric interference by TiO2.An interesting application of ICP-MS was the determi- nation of Cu in a copper ore reference material (87/1779). The high precision of the technique confirmed the suspicion of a reducing level of Cu (due to instability of the material when dried), and in consequence this SRM was withdrawn by the US National Bureau of Standards. Hall and Park (87/C179) have identified matrix effects and high salt content as problem areas, and studied various sample preparations as means of overcoming them. A method for the determination of Mo and W was complicated by the low natural abundance of these elements, which can lead to possible interferences from matrix elements and by isobaric interferences from diatomic ions (87/C812). In another ICP-MS procedure for determining low levels of Mo and Win geological materials, Hall et al.(87/1729) compared calibra- tion using isotope dilution with internal standardisation. Precisions were slightly less for the method using internal standards (Ru for Mo and Rh for W). Longerich et al. (87/C903, 87/C1391) investigated the use of ICP-MS in the determination of several precious metals, but as they found molecular oxide ion interferences from more abundant elements, suppression or enhancement of the analyte signal by other dissolved elements, as well as severe memory effects, they had to resort to separation/concentration methods. The determination of the rare earth elements by ICP-MS is an area of considerable interest (87/1759). Compared with emission spectra, the ICP-MS spectra of the REEs are simple and, potentially, the complete REE group can be determined in silicate rocks without pre-concentration or separation from the matrix, with the use of simple aqueous reference solutions.Luck (871C1389) employed both standard additions (for mono-isotopic elements) and the isotopic ratio method in the determination of low concentrations of REEs in iron-forma- tion ores. 7. X-RAY When analysing silicate rocks by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, Potts et al. (87/1698) found that a cobalt anode X-ray tube overcame many of the deficiencies of other tubes in exciting Ba, Cr and V. A 12.5-pm iron foil filter in the primary X-ray beam selectively suppressed the fluorescence of K-lines of Fe in the samples, leading to a reduction in both analysis time and the spectral background.The method was applied to the analysis of nine reference samples from the Geological Survey of Japan (87/1709). Samples of nuclear-grade uranium dioxide were prepared for XRF analysis by pelleting, using METHODS boric acid as a binding agent (87/1788); Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni were determined simultaneously. Microgram amounts of As have been determined in geological materials by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluor- escence analysis of a co-precipitate of the analyte with elemental selenium (87/1791). The use of nail polish for fixing small powder samples has been suggested (87/C217); the nail polish will withstand at least 2 h of X-ray irradiation, and it is possible to add an internal standard such as Ge.8. COMPARISON OF METHODS A comparative study of the determination of nine major elements in soils and rocks by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, following a Li2B04 fusion, was carried out by Bruckner et al. (86/1959). They found that the two methods were in good agreement except, in some instances, for Si; the ICP technique was more rapid. Lindahl et al. (87/C714) found that ICP-AES was a viable alternative to using FAAS in American Society for Testing and Materials standard proce- dures for determining 12 major and minor elements in coal ash. In a comparison of electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of Be in rocks, Voncken et al.(87/578,87/1504) found the AAS results were approximately 2 p.p.m. higher than the ICP-AES values, and the latter were in good agreement with accepted values for reference samples. Bettinelli et al. (87/1527) compared HN03 - HC104 - HF digestion and determination by graphite furnace AAS with Li2B407 fusion and ICP-AES for the determination of Sc in coal fly ash and geological materials. They found that the solution stage was a major source of error but either method was acceptable. 9. ANALYSES OF CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS Analytical data for a number of new standard reference materials have been published. Roelandts and Michel (87/ 1277) reported data for REEs in five French geostandards; they found good agreement between their results and pre- viously published values obtained by various analytical techniques.A number of primary and secondary South African rock standards have been analysed for Co by AAS (86/1954, 86/1955, 8711506, 87/1507). Various methods, including ICP-AES, were utilised to provide a complete chemical characterisation of a phosphate rock standard from the Egyptian Nuclear Materials Corporation (87/622). The analysis of a new Canadian rare earth element reference material (OKA-2 Britholite) has been reported (87/C863). Six new standard rock samples have been issued by the Geological Survey of Japan, and data on the determination of their REE content have been published (87/1280, 87/1511). Standard reference materials are often used to confirm the accuracy of new methods.Sometimes only a few such samples are analysed, e.g., six USGS geochemical standards by a DCP-AES procedure (87/1278), whilst other workers will analyse many samples. Kontas et al. (87/1279) determined Au and Pd in 42 geological reference samples, whilst Terashima (87/1276) used an AAS method involving hydride generation and a heated quartz cell atomiser to analyse 85 geochemical reference samples for As and Sb. Perhaps the most important work published recently on standard reference materials in general use is by Flanagan (87/1313). This is a comprehensive review, with 480 refer- ences, on reference samples in geology and geochemistry. It discusses the early history and describes the preparation and homogeneity of, and sources of error in, reference samples.Some 850 such samples are listed and their sources given. The review gives much data which should be of general interest to atomic spectroscopists.218R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF MINERALS AND REFRACTORIES Technique ; atomisation; analyte form* AA; ETA, Zeeman; AE; arc; S L Matrix Geochemical material Carbonate rock, geochemical material Rocks, minerals Concentration Trace levels Sample treatmentlcomments Iridium used as matrix modifier in an aqueous HN03 medium SiOz added to eliminate the effect of CaO in samples containing up to 53% CaO Element Ag Ag Ag A1 A1 As As As As Unm 328.1 - - - - - - - 193.7, 197.2 Reference 871336 871944 871945 8711302 87lC1649 871684 871 1276 8711 502 8711508 8711791 87/45 871440 871941 8711279 8711300 87lC1411 8711510 8711748 87/19 0.01-500 pg g-' AA; ETA; L Sample dissolved in 10% HCIO4, sulphydryl cotton immersed in solution to adsorb Ag, eluted with 0.2% HC1- 0.5% thiocarbamide Absorbance increased by addition of 1 YO m1V carbon black Acid attack or fusion; study of the errors associated with summation of three components to loo%, and methods for correction Extracted from HBr - H2S04 solutions into MePh Andalusite, Zeolites A1?03.3Si02 44% A1203 YO levels AA; ETA; L AA or AE; F or ICP; L and gravimetric Minerals, rocks >2 pg ml-1 Trace levels AA; F, air - C3H8 or air - C4H10; L AA; ETA, Hy - quartz cell; G Geochemical SRM Decomposed with HClO, - HNO, - HF and KMnO, solution, interferences eliminated by adding KI, AICI, and ascorbic acid; hydride generation Organic compounds extracted from water by a benzene - toluene mixture, evaporated if necessary, then GC with AAS as detector Decomposed with HCIO, - HN03 - HF - KMn04 on hot-plate at 150 "C, residue dissolved in 6 M HCI; KI solution, A1Cl3 and ascorbic acid added; generated hydride with NaBH, - HC1- malic acid Digested with HN03 - HCIO, - HF, co-precipitated with Se by adding SnII, filtered to give 25-30 mm diameter patch of <1 mg cm--2 thin film of precipitate on filter-paper to be used for analysis Mixed acid attack; extracted with N , N - diphenylbenzamidine into CHCl3, stripped from the organic phase with 1% thiourea in 0.5 M H2S04, Au determined in the aqueous phase Extraction from dilute HCl by 0.1 mol petroleum sulphides per litre of MePh; extracted residue used in 18 A a.c.arc Digested with HCI- Hz02, extracted with n-octylaniline Digested with aqua regia, extracted with SnC12 - Hg Decomposed with NH4F - HC1 then aqua regia, H,SiF, removed by precipitation with KCI, Au extracted from 2 M HC1 into isoamyl alcohol (degree of extraction 89%), excess of Fe removed by repeated washing with 2 M HCI HNO, - HCI(1 + 3) , evaporated to fumes, residue dissolved in H,O; comparison with FAAS which required prior dimethyl isobutyl methyl ketone extraction Digested overnight at room temperature in aqua regia, separated Hg - (Au - Pd) by precipitation with SnC12, dissolved precipitate with HC1 - H,02; beware of the Au nugget effect FeII then precipitation of Fe"1 by treatment with NH40H - HZ02 - NH,Cl, filtered, Au extracted from HCI solution into IBMK Treated 10 g of sample with 75 ml of Removed iron matrix effect; oxidation of Natural waters, atmospheric samples Geochemical SRM AA;-;G AA; ETA, Hy - quartz cell; G As - Geological mat- erial, water >0.2 pg g-1 XRF; S Low-grade ores Trace levels AA; ETA; L Au 242.8 Au Geochemical material Ores Geological RM Geological material >0.002 pg g-1 AE; a.c.arc; S 0.0001 pg g-1 Trace levels Trace levels Au Au Au AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; F, air - CzH2; L AU 267.6 242.8 242.8 - Minerals, complex sulphide ores Trace levels AE; ICP; L Au Geological SRM >O. 1 ng g-1 AA; ETA; L Arsenic - antimony ore 0.38-1.6 pg g-1 AA; ETA; L Au B Environment a1 material, coal, fly ash Trace levels AE; ICP; LJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL.2 219R Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF MINERALS AND REFRACTORIES-continued Element B B B Ba Ba Ba Ba Be Be Be Be Be Bi Ca Cd Cd c o c o c o hlnm 249.7 - - - - - - 234.9, 313.1 __ - - 234,9 - 422.7 - - - - 240.7 c o - co c o 240.7 - Matrix Concentration Coal ash, silicates 1-300 pg g-1 Geological CLgg-l material Carbonate rock, 3-1000 pg g-I geochemical material Rocks 0.0005-1% Barite <50% Silicate rock >25 pg g-1 Silicate rock SRM Trace levels Geological , >6 ng ml-1 biological mat- erial Rocks 0.003 pg g-1 Granite 4-57 pg g-1 Geological 0.16 pg g- 1 material Granite 1-60 pg g-1 Geological SRM < 1 pg g- Zirconium dioxide (1 YO Manganese ore, >10 or >0.1 fly ash PLg g-l Geochemical >0.2 ng ml-1 material Geochemical SRM Trace levels Rock SRM 0.015-4.66 pgg-' Copper ores, 170-800 pg g- 1 concentrates Silicate rock SRM 0.3-212 pg g-1 Silicate rock SRM Silicate rock Trace levels 0.01-5 pg g-' Technique; atomisation; analyte form* AE; ICP; L AE AE ICP; L arc; S AE; d.c.arc; S AA; F; L XRF, energy dispersive XRF, energy dispersive AE; DCP; L AA; ETA; - Sample treatmentlcomments Reference Digested with HNO, - HF in PTFE beaker on hot-plate, evaporated for 1.5 h to reduce volume, HNO, added; excess of fluoride complexed by addition of 20% mlm AlCl,. 6H20 solution Fused with Na2C03 - NaNO,, elements extracted as oxy-anions in H20 leach; part used for B, remainder to concentrate Mo and W by adsorption of their oxinates on to charcoal See Ag, ref.871944 Sample mixed (1 + 10) with carbon powder containing 2.5% NaCl; for Ba a filter was placed in front of the spectral line Dissolved by refluxing with ammoniacal disodium EDTA solution; decomposed silicate residue with HF - H2S04 to recover residual Rb and Sr Derived optimum excitation conditions using a cobalt anode X-ray tube in combination with a 12.5-pm iron foil filter in the primary beam See ref. 8711698; cobalt anode side-window X-ray tube, iron primary beam filter; pressed powder pellets Rocks digested with aqua regia; blood and liver digested in HNO, - HC104 (7 + 3) at 80 "C for 12 h Comparison of normal, pyrolytic and Ta foil lined graphite tubes AA or AE; ETA, AA; ETA; L AA or AE; ETA, Decomposed with HF - HC104 - HNO,; results from two methods compared well Interferences eliminated by using A1 - EDTA as matrix modifier Decomposed under pressure in PTFE vessel with HNO, - HC104 - HF at 80-100 "C for 6 h, evaporated to dryness, residue dissolved in HCI; comparison of techniques HF, evaporated with HC104 - HC1 solution; automated hydride generation using NaBH4 Dissolved in HF - HC1- HNO, in PTFE bomb at 120 "C for 2 h (for Ca, Mg), or with (NH4)2S04 - H2S04 (for Mg); treated with 1% KCl solution; standard additions method Decomposed with aqua regia - HF - H202 in air - CzH2, or closed PTFE crucible containing H3B03 ETA; Lor ASV AA; ETA, Zeeman; Matrix modified with solution of 1% thiourea - L 0.2% EDTA salt - 1% NH4H2P04, ashing temperature raised to 700 "C Separated by cation-exchange chromatography Separated by ion-exchange chromatography Zeeman or ICP; L Zeeman or ICP; L AA; ETA, Digested in closed vessel with HN03 - HCl- Hy - quartz tube; G AA; F, NzO - CzH2; L AA; F, AA; -; L AA; ETA; L AA; F, Acid decomposition under pressure, air - C2H2; L evaporated with HN03 - HC104, dissolved in HCl; masked with sodium thiosulphate and sulphosalicylic acid, extracted with thenoyltrifluoroacetone and tetrabutylammonium bromide in IBMK Dissolved in PTFE beaker with HC104 - HCI - HF, residue fused with phosphoric acid; cation-exchange procedure with column of AG50W-X8 resin, HCl- acetone eluting agents AA; F; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L See Co, ref.8711506 Fused with Li2C03 - H3B03; NH4F added as matrix modifier 871379 87lC882 871944 8717 871C876 8711 698 8711709 871392 871524 871578 871686 8711504 8711301 871246 871678 8711298 8611954 8611955 871 1463 87f1506 8711507 87/1551220R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL.2 Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF MINERALS AND REFRACTORIES-continued Technique; atomisation; analyte form* AA; -; L Element hlnm Matrix Concentration Industrial material - Reference 871247 Sample treatmentlcomments Extracted Cr6+ by alkaline solution for colorimetric analysis, then residual particles extracted with acid solution to remove soluble Cr3+ for AAS; size resolved particulate study Fused with Na2C03 - Na2B407 (2 + 1) 871455 mixture, leached with dilute HC1 See Ba, ref. 8711698 8711698 Refractory material '/o levels as Cr203 Silicate rock >6 Pg g-I Silicate rock SRM Trace levels Steel SRM 0.04-0.5 1 Yo AA; F, XRF, energy dispersive XRF, energy dispersive AE; laser, DCP; S N2O - C,H,; L See Ba, ref.8711709 8711709 Design of inexpensive and easily interchangeable sample chamber system for laser ablation of machined metal-alloy solids or pelletised powders cake dissolved in HCl pressure with HN03 - HC104 - HF for several days, evaporated to dryness, residue dissolved in HN03 - H20 extraction into an acetylacetone - CHC13 solution from HC1; RSD improved by double extraction Acid attack; extracted with benzene then back-extracted with H20; mixture of (NH4),C204 -NH40H - Ni - HNO, added as matrix modifier Recommended H3P04 (20%) as the best medium for hydride formation; non-dispersive AFS Treated with (2 + 1) H2S04 - HNO,, 5% KMn04, heated, NH20H.HCl and SnCl, solution added; Hg vapour in diffusion vessel adsorbed in 5% KMnO, solution containing (1 + 1) H2S04 Reduced with KBH4 in acidic media (except H3P04), aqua regia recommended to decrease Hgrl loss; non-dispersive AFS at furnace temperature of 850 "C SnC1,; interferences of 38 elements tested; non-dispersive AFS Fused with Li2C03 - H3B03 mixture, Dried at 105 "C for 2 h, digested under Separated Fe3+ from Mn2+ by solvent Mercury(I1) salt solution reduced with See As, ref.8711502 861 184 1 8711450 8711779 871533 8611956 871530 8611957 871532 871939 8711502 Silicate rock SRM Trace levels Copper ore SRM Major levels AA; ETA; L MS; ICP; L Basalt 304 pg ml-1 AA;-; L Geological material Trace levels AA; ETA; L Geochemical >o. 1 pg g-1 material AF; Hy; G Geochemical 0-32 pg 1-1 material, water AA; cold vap.; L Soil, sediments, >9 x 10-11 g water AF; Hy, furnace; G Geochemical <9 ng g-1 material AF; cold vap. ; G Natural waters, ng 1-I atmospheric samples sieve Ores, molecular - AA;-;G AA; F, air - liquefied petroleum gas; L Ore sample dissolved in HF, molecular sieve sample in HCl(1 + 1); liquefied petroleum gas used instead of C2H2 to avoid ionisation losses treated with H2S04 to eliminate interference; AAS equipment modified for emission problems; atomised from pyrolytic graphite platform in pyrolytically coated tube, with orthophosphoric acid as matrix modifier 871390 Decomposed with HF - HN03 - HC104, 871492 Examination of severe contamination 87lC2 13 871246 See Ca, ref. 871246 Silicate rocks >2.8 pg absolute AE; ETA; L Gallium arsenide Trace levels AA; ETA, platform; L Zirconium dioxide <4% Silicates - AA; F, N20 - C2H2; L AA; FI - F, air - C2H2; L Fused with Li2C03 - H3B03, dissolved in 1 M HCl, diluted to give Mg <2.5 pg ml-l; FI system, La solution added by merging zone technique, ca.90 samples h- 1 KNO, (used only for BN), then leached 8711207 8711489 Fused with K2S2O7 or with K2SZ07 - See Fe, ref. 871533 871533 8711463 See Co, ref. 8711463 Carbide, boride, >0.05% Basalt 6.4 pg ml-* nitride Copper ores, 0.17% concentrates AA; F, air - C2H2; L AA;-;L AA; F, air - C2H2; LJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 221R Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF MINERALS AND REFRACTORIES-continued Technique ; atomisation; Matrix Concentration analyte form* Geological material 8-15 and AE; ICP; L 55-230 pg g- ' Element Mo Mo Alnm 203.8 - Sample treatmentlcomments Reference 871264 Dissolved with either HCl - HNO, - H2S04 or HF - HC104, Mo extracted with isoamyl alcohol after the addition of 10% KCNS and 10% SnCI, solution with H20 to give solution with 4% solids; electrothermal vaporisation from graphite platform in Freon gas; calibration by isotope dilution matrix salts 871C811 Fused with oxidising alkaline flux, leached Optimised for variable concentrations of 871C812 See B, ref.871C882 871C882 Sample acidified to 4% with HN03, mixed and 87/C1638 shaken with equal volume of acetylacetone, Mo extracted into top layer for direct analysis Decomposed by alkaline fusion, elements leached as soluble oxy-anions, separated by selective formation of oxinate complexes, then adsorbed on activated charcoal Li2C03 - B203 or Li2C03 - H3B03 or Li2C03 - Li2B407, cooled melt dissolved in concentrated HCI 8711729 Dried at 300 "C, fused with 871277 See K, ref.871390 871390 Geochemical RM Trace levels MS; ICP; G Mo - Geological material Trace and Geological material >0.2 pg g-1 Coal ash, leachates ng g-1 AA; ETA; L MS; ICP; L AE; ICP; L ultratrace levels Mo - Mo - Mo - Na 589 Geological material >0.08 pg g-' MS; ICP; L Aluminium oxide >0.05% as Na20 AE; F; L - Na - Na - Nb Ores, molecular - AA; F, sieve air - liquified Zeolites YO levels AA or AE; For petroleum gas; L ICP; Land gravimetric Geological material >0.2 pg g-1 AE; ICP; L See Al, ref.871C1649 87/C1649 Fused with Na202 - NaOH; alkaline solution, 87/943 filtered; cation resin and citric acid added to residue for ion-exchange separation, Nb and Ta remain in solution See Co, ref. 87/1463 8711463 Ni 232.0 Copper ores, 100-400 pg g-1 AA; F, Silicate rock Trace levels AA; ETA; L Niobium pentoxide Trace levels AE; MIP; L concentrates air - C2H2; L Ni P 87/1551 See Co, ref. 8711551 Sample dissolved; established optimum 871C1008 analytical conditions and limits of detection Dissolved with HF - aqua regia in PTFE bomb, 8711457 La added as matrix modifier See Cd, ref. 871678 871678 P 213.6 Siliceous rock 0.0 1-1.39% AA; ETA, Manganese ore, >100or >lo AA; F, Zeeman; L fly ash Yg g-' air - C2H2, or ETA; Lor ASV Rock SRM, <30 pg g-' and AA; ETA; L shell, algae 4-96 ng g-1 Pb Pb 283.3 Decomposed with HF (rock only) - HN03 - HC104, dried, dissolved in 0.5 M HBr, spiked with 212Pb; anion-exchange column washed with 0.5 M HBr, eluted with 6 M HCI K2S208; standard additions and matrix matching method matrix modifier; study of high- and low- temperature forms of alumina, Pb adsorbed or occluded Sample mass of 200-500 mg fused with Slurry atomisation with Mg - P043- as See Au, ref.871941 See Au, ref. 87/1279 See Au, ref. 87/1510 Digested with aqua regia, separated by anion- exchange chromatography in batch mode, resin ignited and residue dissolved in HN03 - aqua regia thiobenzoanilide Separated by solvent extraction with 871679 87lC1672 87/17 18 87/941 8711279 8711 5 10 8711552 87/408 Pb Pigment, calcined Trace levels AE; DCP; L (Al, Fe and Ti oxides) Alumina, soil Trace levels AA; ETA, platform; S Pb Pd Pd Pd Pd Ores 0.0005 pg g-1 AA; ETA; L Geological RM Trace levels AA; ETA; L Geological SRM >O. 1 ng g-1 AA; ETA; L Geological material Trace levels AA; ETA; L - 244.8 - Pt Ga-based glass 2-200 pg g-' AA; -; L (non-silicate), garnet ores Ores Trace levels AA; -; L Pt Trioctylamine foam used to pre-concentrate 871526 by liquid - solid extraction, with thiourea as a desorption agent See Au, ref.871941 871941 8711552 See Pd, ref. 8711552 87/C876 See Ba, ref. 871C876 Pt Pt Rb Ores 0.001 pg g-1 AA; ETA; L Geological material Trace levels AA; ETA; L Barite '1 g-' AA; ETA; L222R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF MINERALS AND REFRACTORIES-continued Technique ; atomisation; analyte form* AE; F; L Matrix Concentration Molybdenum >0.4 pg g-1 refinery dust Element Unm Sample treatmentlcomments Fused with Na20, melt dissolved, filtered, extracted with 1% Bu4NCl solution in CH2C12 to remove Mo, stripped with 4.3 M HN03; 10% Na2S04 solution added to aqueous phase High-intensity wet grinding for 20-30 min produced small particle size (median diameter ca.6 pm) for slurry atomisation; aqueous standards See As, ref. 871684 Reference 8711 5 83 8711243 871684 8711276 8711508 8711444 8711527 871688 871682 871C1008 87lC 1352 871C1649 87198 871944 8717 87lC876 871943 871688 871942 871383 871C902 8711698 8711709 861203 1 Re S Sb Sb Sb sc s c Se Si Si Si Si Sn Sn Sr Sr Ta Te Te T1 TI V V W Coal, bituminous - and sub-bituminous AE; ICP; S Minerals, rocks >0.5 pg ml-l AA; F, air - C3H8 or air - C4Hl"; L Hy - quartz cell; G quartz cell; G AA; ETA, AA;ETA,Hy- AE; ICP; L Geochemical SRM Trace levels See As, ref.8711276 Geochemical SRM pg g-l Phosphate minerals 5-90 pg g-l See As, ref. 8711508 Treated with hot H2S04 or HN03, filtered; solvent extraction with 0.1 M l-phenyl-3- methyl-4-trifluoroacetyl-5-pyrazolone in n-butyl ether at pH 0.6, organic phase shaken with HCI solution at pH 0.2 Either digested under pressure in PTFE with HN03 - HC104 - HF at 150 "C for 3-5 h and residue dissolved in HN03 or HC104 - HN03 (for ETA), or fused with Li2B407 and melt dissolved in 5% HN03 (for ICP) cotton, 20% HCl - 5% HN03 as medium for hydride generation, 2% KBH4 solution Elements concentrated using sulphydryl Dissolved in H7S0, - H707.residue Coal fly ash, geological material >0.6 pg g-1 AA or AE; ETA or ICP; L Ores, geochemical >4.6 ng g-1 material AA; Hy;G Fe203 for 43 CLg g-l ferrite AA; ETA; Lor spectrophotometry fused with Na2C03 - K2C03; added HF - H2S04, O2 passed, SiF, collected into H3B03 solution; analysis on extracted molybdosilicic acid in IBMK See P, ref. 871C1008 Investigation of sample introduction system and torch for sources of Si blank, attempted improvement by using aluminium oxide ceramic torch See Al, ref. 871C1649 Niobium pentoxide Trace levels Aqueous Trace levels AE; MIP; L AE; ICP; L Zeolites Yo levels AA or AE; F or ICP; L and gravimetric AA; F; L Ores, concentrates, 65 pg g- - % residues levels Fused with Na,C03 - borax at 900-1000 "C after removing silica by treatment with HN03 - HF; melt dissolved in HC1- HN03, filtered and diluted See Ag, ref.871944 Carbonate rock, 1-300 pg g-1 geochemical material Rocks 0.0015-0.5 O/o Barite >350 pg g-1 Geological material >0.4 pg g-1 Ores, geochemical >4.7 ng g-1 Pyrite Trace levels material AE; arc; S AE; d.c. arc; S AA; F; L AE; ICP; L AA; Hy; G See Ba, ref. 8717 See Ba, ref. 87lC876 See Nb, ref. 871943 See Se, ref. 871688 AA; ETA; L Acidic medium with Rh as matrix modifier to increase the ashing temperature; no pre-concentration needed Pd and ascorbic acid added as matrix modifiers; study of interferences Acid decomposition, organic and aqueous solutions used with electrothermal vaporisation; calibration by isotope dilution See Ba, ref.8711698 Environmental, >0.1 pg g-l Geological RM ng g-1 botanical material AA; ETA; L MS; ICP; G Silicate rock >9 g-l Silicate rock SRM Trace levels Rocks, minerals 0.01-15% XRF, energy dispersive XRF, energy dispersive AA; F, N20 - C2H2; L See Ba, ref. 8711709 Digested with HF - HC104 and treated with H3B03, or fused with K2S207 and heated with 0.1 M tartaric acid; chelate extraction of W by N-benzoylphenylhydroxylamine in tolueneJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 223R Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF MINERALS AND REFRACTORIES-continued Technique; atomisation; Concentration analyte form* - AA; F, N2O - CZH2; L Element Unm W 400.9 Matrix Alloys, W ores, concentrates Geological material Geochemical RM Geological material Geological material Geological material Gallium arsenide Aluminium oxide Geological material (iron rich) Sample treatmentlcomments agent gave ca.75% enhancement of signal; interfering elements separated as hydroxides Study of methods to minirnise problems caused by high salt content and matrix elements See Mo, ref. 87/C811 See Mo, ref. 871C812 Alkaline medium with K2S208 as releasing Reference 87/40 87lC 179 87lC811 871C812 871C882 8711729 871C213 871278 8611883 8611931 8611935 8611939 8611951 8611959 8612006 8612023 8612028 861C2036 87128 87/42 87162 87168 - W Trace levels MS; ICP; L - W W - Trace levels MS; ICP; G Trace and MS; ICP; L ultratrace levels >0.4 pg g-I >0.07 pg g-' Trace levels <5 mg 1-I as Trace levels ZnO AE; ICP; L MS; ICP; L AA; ETA, platform; L AA; F, air - C2H2; L AE; ICP; L W - W Zn - - See B, ref.87/C882 See Mo, ref. 87/1729 See Mg, ref. 87/C213 Zn 213.8 Various - Decomposed with HN03 - HF, dissolved in 4 M HCI; matrix iron extracted into IBMK, aqueous layer further extracted with CC14 to remove residual IBMK; elements (except Mo, Sn) determined in aqueous phase Dissolved in H2S04 - HF, residue fused with Na20 - NaKC03, cooled and dissolved in 4 M HCl; elements extracted by co-precipitation with Se and Te, separated and dissolved in aqua regia (Au, Pd, Pt and Rh) Digested with HC1- H202; selectively extracted into a 10% Aliquat 336 - IBMK organic phase in presence of ascorbic acid and KI in 6 N HCI (Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb and Zn) Review with 60 references Decomposed under pressure with HF - HN03, residue dissolved in 6 M HCI; matrix elements removed by extraction with IBMK and with 0.1 M tetrahexylammonium iodide in IBMK from 3 M HC1 (Co, Cr, Mn and Ni) 100 mg of sample fused with 400 mg of LiB02, dissolved in 0.5 M HC1, diluted with H20 to 100 ml; further dilution needed for AAS; comparison of techniques (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Si and Ti) non-dispersive AFS with hydride generation compared with AAS Laser-sampled material deposited on graphite cylinder or disc with central aperture; used as electrode in d.c.arc (Al, B, Ca, Cr, Fe, Ni and Si) After decomposition either co-precipitation of Bi and Sb with hydrous iron(II1) oxide, elements except Ag extracted as iodides into IBMK, or PbS04 removed by filtration before extraction (Ag, Bi, Cd, Cu, In and Review with 38 references; advantages of Sb) Precision improved by parameter related internal standard method Injection flow-rate controlled by electronic device coupled to the nebulisation and sheathing gas system Evaluation of commercially available fluxes for use with PLASMASOL automatic solution preparation apparatus Decomposed under pressure in polycarbonate bottle with HC1 - HN03 - HF, using microwave oven purged with compressed air; residues by d.c.arc; 100 samples per day Decomposed by heating with HF - HC104 - HN03 (5 + 2 + 1) for at least 4 h at 110 "C in PTFE bomb, then treated so that elements lost to PTFE vessel walls were leached back into solution Various - (4) Silicate rocks >0.5 ng g-1 AA; ETA; L Various - (9) Geological material >0.05 mg 1-1 AA; F, air/N20 - C2H2; L AE; ICP; - AA; F; L Various - Various - (4) Ceramics, glasses Ores, concentrates, dusts from Cu metallurgy - 10-1000 pg g-1 Various - (9) Soils, rocks Major levels AE or AA; ICP or F; L Various - Geochemical material AF; Hy; G Various - ( 7 ) Periclase, electrical insulator Trace levels AE; d.c.arc; S Various - (6) Ores, concentrates, CRM AA; F, air - C2H2; L Various - AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L Rocks Major levels Various - (34) Geochemical material Major and trace levels Various - Major levels AA or AE; ICP; L Rocks, minerals Various - Geological material Major, minor and trace levels AE; ICP or d.c. arc; L or S Various - (20) Geochemical SRM Trace levels MS; ICP; L224R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL.2 Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF MINERALS AND REFRACTORIES-continued Technique; atomisation; Concentration analyte form* Trace levels AE; ICP; L Element Unm Matrix Various - Geological material (13) (8) (4) Various - Silicates Various - Ores, concentrates Sample treatmentlcomments Reference 87174 87/94 I 87195 871100 871C161 871C162 871C163 871C195 87lC 1 99 871C217 871248 871250 1 871263 871269 871290 871338 871380 871393 8714 12 871435 Sintered with Na202 to remove the bulk of the matrix, then fluoride precipitation with yttrium as carrier (REEs) residue dissolved in 3% HN03, 10% oxine added (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Si) button dissolved with 70% HC104 - anhydrous acetic acid, noble metals reduced by boiling with HC0,H for 1 h, filtered, precipitate dissolved in aqua regia (Ag, Au, Pd and Pt) reduced to particle size <14 pm, mixed with buffer (1 + 5 ) , introduced into plasma by oscillating spreading and efflux Sample ground to <20 pm particle diameter, up to 0.5 g weighed, slurried with H20; study of matrix effects Ground to <8 vm particle size, suspended as slurry for study of parameters affecting atomisation and calibration Slurry atomisation and the effects of particle size studied by using laser diffraction and the electrical sensing zone technique Powdered sample introduced into furnace as slurry, Smith - Hieftje background correction system, aqueous standards (As, Cd, Sb and Se) electrothermal volatilisation technique paper with nail polish containing added internal standards Fused with LiB02 - Li2B407 mixture, Fused with Pb flux at 1200 "C for 1 h, Ground until >90% of sample material Assessment of the potential of the Powder sample weighing 10 mg glued to filter- Major levels AA; F, air - CZH2; L Trace levels AA;-; L Various - (13) Geochemical material AE; ICP; S Various - Refractory material Trace levels AA; ETA; S Various - Environmental material - AE; DCP or ICP; S Various - Zeolites, minerals.Major, minor and AE; ICP; S trace levels Trace levels AA; ETA; S Various - (4) Coal Fluid inclusions Coal fly ash Trace levels - XRF; S MS; I&; L or G Various - Various - Various - Various - (13) ( 6 ) Fly ash Sediment clay Trace levels AA; ETA, platform; Dissolved sample in PTFE bomb; used L'vov L air - C,H2; L - AA; F, platform, stabilised temperature Digestion with HNO, - HF - HC104 selected as most effective after comparison of digestion methods (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) Dissolved with HCl - HNO, - HF in polycarbonate bomb, better than 95% recoveries using microwave heating; residues examined by d.c.arc Matrix removed by precipitation of Pb(NO& and TeO,; remainder mixed with powdered graphite and NaCl for arc excitation with graphite electrodes Digested with HCI - HNO, - HF - HC104, then cation-exchange chromatography using HCl and HNO, sequentially (Y and REEs) Digested with HN03 - HF in PTFE pressure vessel at 160 "C for 4 h, cooled, heated with H3B03 solution, treated with 0.1% mlV MoVr solution as internal standard Sample decomposed with concentrated H2S04 at 250-300 "C for 3 h, evaporated to dryness, residue dissolved by heating with HCI; Cd added as internal standard (Y and REEs) Carrier distillation method; gallium oxide carrierlbuffer used to enhance the early emission of volatile elements (Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn) Review with 80 references Various - Geological material - AE; ICP or d.c.arc; LorS Various - (15) Lead telluride >0.4 ng g-1 AE; d.c. arc; S Various - (15) Geological material Trace levels AE; ICP; L Various - (24) Brown coal, fly ash, air-borne dust Major and trace AE; ICP; L levels Various - (15) Rare earth ores, monazite, xenotime Major, minor and AE; ICP; L trace levels Stream sediments, heavy mineral concentrates Trace levels AE; d.c. arc; S Various - (9) Various - Rocks, minerals Trace levels - AE; ICP; S AA; For ETA or Hy; L or G Various methods for sampling slurries and powders, detailed use of high energy pulsed laser on to compressed disc; potential of laser ablation for production control in steel making Various - Iron oxide, furnace dust, iron oresJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL.2 225R Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF MINERALS AND REFRACTORIES-continued Technique; atomisation; analyte form* AE; ICP; L Element h/nm Matrix Various - Rare earth - Co (9) magnets Concentration Major and minor levels Sample treatment/comments Reference 871479 Dissolved sample with aqua regia, diluted with 1.2 M HCl, Be added as internal standard (Ce, Co, Cu, Fe, Hf, Mn, Sm, Y and Zr) Matrix interference due to Ca concentrations up to 1% in a 1 M HCl medium investigated, and remedies suggested H2S04, A1 separated from Fe and Ga by extraction with BuOAc, some REEs by LC on P507 with HC1 solution as eluent; Pb determined by AAS; atomic ratios calculated Used horizontal ICP torch; REEs separated by cation-exchange method (Dy, Eu, Gd and 87/488 Dissolved in hot (1 + 3) HN03 - 24 N 871525 87/531 sm> Decomposed by fusion with Na2CO3 - 871534 Na2B407, flux cake leached with 10% HCl Pulsed Nd : YAG laser focused on surface of liquid within filter-paper or Q-tip, or on surface of solid sample; produced transient plasma (Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni and Sr) Be2+ as the exchanging agent (Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na and Sr) Sample mixed ( 5 + 1) with S, carbon cup electrode impregnated with 1 M CaC12 solution (Co, Mo, Ni and V) Pre-concentrated by heating sample solution with thiourea in presence of NaCl, sorption of resultant sulphides on activated carbon (Pt group metals) Broken rock passed through jaw crusher and rollers, ground with mechanical agate mortar; more than 750 bottles of 20 g each as reference material; complete chemical characterisat ion Dissolved in aqua regia or (1 + 1) HN03, drops of bromine, evaporated to dryness, residue dissolved with (1 + 2) HCl, tartaric acid solution then ammonium acetate solution added (Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn) Sample powder mixed with Na2S04 - BaS04 - 87/685 C as buffer Elements adsorbed on phosphorylated 871687 cellulose; study of ion-exchange properties in various concentrations of HCl, HN03 and aqua regia (Ag, As, Au, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Re, Sb and Zn) evaporated, residue dissolved in 6 M HCl; extracted with TOP0 in cyclohexane, measurement on aqueous phase (Dy, Eu, Gd and Sm) techniques digested with HF - aqua regia, evaporated, re-dissolved in 1% HN03 (Cd, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn and T1) temperature using solvents such as dime thylsulphoxide high-voltage spark on pellet of sample + graphite mixture, vapour carried to plasma (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si andTi) Fragments (2 mg) dissolved in HF - HCl; classification using chemometrics on multivariate data (Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr and Ti) 87/C557 Determined cation-exchange capacities using 87674 871577 87/605 87/622 87/640 Dissolved with HN03 - HF - HC104, Fused with Li2B407; comparison of Coal oxidised in Parr O2 bomb; samples 871C7 14 87/C715 Organic extracts obtained at room- 871C716 Sampling and excitation separated; 871C720 871C767 Various - Geochemical (15) material Various - Magneto-optical garnet AE; ICP; L AA; -; Land spectrophotometry Various - (4) Uranium compounds UF6 or U30s Chromi te AE; ICP; L Various - (11) Major and minor levels AE; ICP; L Various - (6) Ceramics, glass or aqueous >loo pgg-1 AE; laser-induced breakdown: Lor S Various - (8) Calcareous soil AE; ICP; L Various - (4) Coal hydrogenation products AE; arc; S Various - Ultrabasic rock >10ngg-1 AE; a.c.arc; S Various - (44) Phosphorite SRM Major, minor and trace levels Various Various - (4) Complex sulphide material Major and minor levels >O. 1% AA; F, air - C2H2 or N20 - C2H2; L Various - Various - (33) (10) Cassiterite Pyrite, iron ore wg-' Trace levels AE; d.c. arc; S AE; ICP; L Various - (4) Uranium oxide, nuclear grade AE; ICP; L ngml-1 871692 Various - Various - (12) (6) Coal ash Coal, coal ash Major and minor levels Trace levels AA or AE; ICP; L AA; ETA, platform; L Various - Organic extracts of coal Trace levels AE; ICP; L Various - (10) Coal fly ash AE; spark - ICP; G Various - (9) Glass fragments, forensic AE; ICP; L226R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL.2 Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF MINERALS AND REFRACTORIES-continued Technique; atomisation; Element hlnm Matrix Concentration analyte form* Various - Coal Minor and trace AE; DCP; S levels Sample treatmentlcomments Reference Sample dried and chopped, wet ground with dilute HN03 solution for 7 min in a micronising mill to form a slurry Acid attack, fluorides treated with HC104, salts dissolved in HN03 - H202, REEs precipitated by double precipitations, methyl oxalate and hydrated oxide; or fusion, then dissolved in HNO, - EDTA for common elements and Th Precautions needed in using internal standard methods to improve precision and accuracy Separated by NiS collection procedure, then extraction or precipitation (Ag, Au, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh and Ru) New ion-optics system reduced drift, allowed use of higher plasma powers and lower nebuliser flow-rates, improved accuracy and detection limits quality of trace element data over 25 years; deterioration for some major components compared with classical chemistry Digested with aqua regia, Hg by titration with DDC, remainder (except S) by non-dispersive AFS; for S digested in reverse aqua regia with KI for gravimetry as BaS04 (As, Bi, Hg, S, Sb, Se and Te) Sample solution of 0.1 M NH4CNS - 0.5 M HCl medium in the presence of ascorbic acid passed through anion-exchange resin column (Bi, Cd, Mo and U) Sample fused with Li2B407, dissolved in 3 M HN03; separated using column containing C1-5208 resin to adsorb Th and U (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, Si and Ti) pre-treatment methods and hydride formation Fused with Na2C03 - NaNO,, leached with H20 (B, Cr, Mo, P, V and W) Isotope dilution treatment with I~IEU, 175Lu, lsoSm and 171Yb as indicators, acid decomposition of mixture, oxalates precipitated, heated at 500 "C, mixed with Al powder - CsCl (Eu, Lu, Sm and Yb) Aqueous leach of an Na2C0, - NaNO, melt (B,Mo,Vand W) Study of interferences; comparison with a.c.arc powder method (Ce, Dy, Eu, La, Nd, Pr and Sm) Evaluation of methods for separation and pre-concentration of the noble metals Powder fused with LiB02 in Pt - Au crucible; used modified multiple regression (Fe, Si, Ti, Y and Zr) Sample ground in agate, mixed with graphite powder (1 + l), pressed into pellet; photographic recording Discussion of attributes and limitations of the technique Ground to 120-mesh in Sic, heated in PTFE vial with HC104 - HN03 - HF to leach out impurities at grain boundaries; Sic undissolved, supernatant used (Cu, Fe, K, Na and V) Decomposed with HN03 - HF - HC1, residue dissolved in HCl; propane flow into nebuliser spray chamber to promote dissociation of oxides (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) Review of applications, noted improved Review with 80 references; discussed 871C827 871C863 Various - Britholite CRM - AA; ETA; L (REEs) AE; ICP; L Various - Geological material - Geological material pg 1-1 AE; ICP; L MS; ICP; L 871C885 871C903 Various - (9) Various - Geological SRM Trace levels MS; ICP; L 8 7 / C 9 0 4 Various - Geochemical Major, minor and AA, AE, MS, NAA, material trace levels XRF or electron microprobe 871923 Various - (7) Cinnabar - AF; Hy; G 871938 Various - (4) Ores, stream Trace levels AE; ICP; L sediments 871940 Various - (12) Thorianite, - AA or AE; ICP; L uraninite 871946 Various - Rocks, minerals Trace levels AA; For ETA; - 871967 Various - Various - (6) (4) Geological material yg g-l AE; ICP; L 87/969 871970 Silicate rocks 1-100 pg g-1 AE; hollow cathode: S Various - Various - (4) (7) Geological material >1 pg g-1 AE; ICP; L 871974 87C1017 Geochemical Trace levels AE; ICP; L material Various - Ores, concentrates Trace levels AE; ICP; L 871C1020 871C1042 Various - ( 5 ) Zirconia 0.1-95% XRF, energy concentrates dispersive Various - (45) Glasses >0.01 yg g-l SSMS; S 87lC 1065 Various - Geological material - Silicon carbide Trace levels AA; F; L AE; ICP; L 8711 174 8711205 Various - ( 5 ) Geological material pg g-I AF; ICP; L Various - (6) 8711 2 10JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL.2 227R ~~ Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF MINERALS AND REFRACTORIES-continued Technique; atomisation; Matrix Concentration analyte form* Uranium, uranium Trace levels AE; ICP; L compounds Element Unm Various - (40) Sample treatmentlcomments Converted into uranyl nitrate, residue dissolved in 3 N HN03, La and Rb added; U separated by reversed-phase partition chromatography; horizontal ICP torch, medium quartz spectrograph Acid attack, cation-exchange separation; updated compilation (REEs) Reference 8711226 8711277 8711278 8711280 8711296 8711299 8711313 8711 3 18 87/C1332 87lC1342 87lC 1389 87lC1390 87lC139 1 87lC1394 87/C1405 87lC1413 87/C14 14 871C14 15 87lC1416 87lC1417 8711439 8711 440 Various - Various - Various - Various - (11) (22) (17) Geochemical SRM - AE; ICP; L Geochemical SRM Trace levels AE; DCP; L Geological SRM Trace levels AE; ICP; L Fluid inclusions >10-~-10-10g AE; d.c.arc; S (except Fe, YO) in quartz - (REEs) Liquid collected by thermal cracking and ultrasonic techniques, sample prepared on thin carbon disc with added matrix solution (Si02, Ca, Mg) and standards, dried under IR lamp 0.2 gof sample taken (Ca, Co, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn) Review with 480 references; history, preparation, homogeneity and sources of error; list of 850 samples Spectral line atlas updated Various - Various - (10) Iron ore, - AA; F, Geological and Major, minor and Various concentrates air - C2H2; L geochemical SRM trace levels Various - Geological material Major, minor and AE; ICP; L Rocks Major, minor and AE; ICP; L trace levels trace levels Various - Travelling robot; total automation of sample weighing, decomposition with Li2C03 - H3B03, dissolution, dilution of sample solutions and separation of one or a group of elements Details of routine analytical procedure Various - Geological SRM Major, minor and MS; ICP; L Banded iron Trace levels MS; ICP; L Iron ores, iron-rich Minor and trace MS; ICP; L trace levels formation ores geochemical levels material material Geological Ultratrace levels MS; ICP; L Various - Various - Details of routine method with standard Effect of alternative dissolution techniques additions and stable isotope dilution (REEs) on performance; influence of polyatomic ion interferences from iron-rich matrix Dry assay with NiS, residue dissolved; collected precious metals with Te precipitated by SnC12, Cd and T1 added as internal standards; matrix matched (Ag, Au, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Re and Rh) Fine-grained sample mixed with Cu powder, briquetted; alkali fusion or dissolution with HF - HC104 - HN03; slurries prepared from material with particle sizes in the range 5-0.45 pm Evaluation of technique; HF-resistant system, high-resolution optics, use of internal standard Dealt with out-of-range major element signals without further dilution; extended calibration graph and working range by remeasurement with shorter integration time (0.1 t ) in the same run presence of Ca as a major or minor constituent Partial attack by aqua regia leach or total dissolution with HF - H3B03; data for geochemical atlas Small amounts of separated pure fractions, 2-5 mg sample, fused with LiB02, then dissolved (Al, Fe, K, Mg, Na and Si) Discussed limits of detection; established that routine determination at sub-p.p.m.levels without pre-concentration is possible for several of the REEs 1000 "C for 15 min, melt dissolved with HCl by heating at 150-200 "C for 30 min; matrix matched(A1, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Si and Sr) Decomposed under pressare in PTFE vessel with H2S04 at 230 "C for 16 h ; matrix matched (B, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, Na, Si and Ti) Corrected calibration graphs for the Fused with Li2B40, in Pt crucible at Various - (8) Various - Geological material Major, minor and AE; ICP or spark or GDL; Lor S trace levels Various - Refractory Trace levels AE; ICP; L metallurgical material material levels Geochemical Major and trace AE; ICP; L Various - (30) Various - (14) Geological Major, minor and AE; ICP; L material, soils trace levels Various - (29) Geochemical Major, minor and AE; ICP; L material trace levels Various - (6) Plagioclase Major levels AE; ICP; L feldspar Various - Geological Trace levels AE; ICP; L material Various - (8) Barium Trace levels AE; ICP; L titanate Aluminium oxide, Trace levels AE; TCP; L high purity228R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL.2 Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF MINERALS AND REFRACTORIES-continued Technique; atomisation; Concentration analyte form* Sample treatment/comments Reference Matrix high purity Aluminium oxide, Element Unm Various - (10) Trace levels AE; ICP; L Fused with Na2C03 - H3B03 in Pt 87/1441 crucible at 900 "C for 10 min, melt dissolved with HCI; coprecipitated with Zr hydroxide, re-dissolved with HCl (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Si, Ti and Zn) pressure in PTFE-lined bomb with HN03 - H2S04 - HF at 150 "C for 3 h; matrix matched (Al, B, Cr, La, Lu, Nb, Sm, Ta, Ti and Zr) U308) by extraction chromatography, determined in the HNO, phase; pyrolytic graphite coated tube, ramp atomisation (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni) adding Mg(OH)2 as a coprecipitation agent; miniature torch (Y and REEs) treated with EDTA; precipitate of LaF3 dissolved by heating in H3B03 - HN03, (Cr, La, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr, Ti and Zr) pg ml-* AE; ICP; L Method to correct the spectral interferences 87/1459 due to rare earth matrix (REEs) AA or AE; F; L Review with 28 references 8711488 Trace levels AE; ICP; L Digested with HF - HNO,, residue dissolved in 87/1509 Major levels AE; ICP; L Single crystal (1-5 mg) decomposed under 87/1442 CLgg-* AA; ETA; L Elements separated from matrix (U02 or 8711447 87/1448 ng ml-1 AE; ICP; L Fused with Na202, elements separated by - AE; ICP; L Decomposed in PTFE bomb with HCI- HF, 87/1452 - 1.75 M HCI, fused if necessary; REEs separated by cation-exchange column, washed with 2 M HC1, eluted with 8 M HNO, (Ce, Dy, Er, Eu, Gd, La, Lu, Nd, Pr, Sm and Yb) HCI; cation-exchange column washed with 2 M HNO,, elements eluted with 6 M HNO,, evaporated and dissolved in 3 M HCI, with Cd added (REEs) Comprehensive review of all known natural or artificial reference samples for geology and geochemistry; suppliers, sample types and intended use, precautions Dissolved in HN03, extracted with tributyl phosphate, stripped with hot 0.05 N HNO,; oxalate precipitation, ignited at 1200 "C, oxides dissolved in HNO,, CaO determined (lanthanides by difference) low-sulphide Au ores; anomalies located by sum of chalcophile elements, As + Pb, Ba, Fe and Sr; anomalous samples analysed for additional elements Digested with HF - HNO,, dissolved in 1 M 87/1511 87/1512 8711534 - Portable X-ray Field operated techniques in prospecting for 8711535 spectral analysis (XRSA) or AA Major, minor, Various ASU review with many references trace and ultra- trace levels - AE; theta pinch discharge; S Study of effects of sample positioning on plasma - sample interactions resulted in significant increases in analyte emission Decomposed with H5106 - HC104 at 200 "C for 3 h in Si02 flask with reflux condenser, then added H202 to remove iodine compounds; or leached with hot HCI- HNO, for 3 h (Al, Ca, Fe, Ni, Ti and V) analysed by a wet-oxidation method; see Various, ref.8711546 (Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Ti and V) Acid attack; if AI2O3 type, dissolved with H2S04 (1 + 1) containing sodium formate to remove A1 interference; Y added as internal standard (Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru) Dissolved with HF - HNO,; classification of glass fragments by elemental composition as check on source of contamination in food products Trace levels AA; -; Lor spectrophotometry Trace levels AA; -; L or Eleven brands of graphite from four countries 8711547 spectrophotometry 8711585 3-30% AE; ICP; L Major, minor and AE; ICP; L 87/C1595 trace levels Various - (10) Metal boride, single crystal Various - (5) Uranium oxide, nuclear grade Various - (15) Granite Various - (8) Lead zirconate titanate Rare earth oxide Various - Various - Various - (15) (11) Bricks, ceramics Geochemical SRM Various - (14) Rock SRM Trace levels AE; ICP; L Various - Geological, Major, minor and Various geochemical SRM trace levels Various - Phosphate rock - AA;-; L Various - Geochemical material, ore deposits Various - Minerals, refractories 8711540 8711542 87/1546 Various - Refractory solid Various - (6) Graphite RM Various - (11) Graphite, nuclear grade Various - ( 5 ) Catalyst, C- or alumina- based Various - (14) Glass229R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL.2 Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF MINERALS AND REFRACTORIES-continued Various - Various - (12) Various - Various - Various - Various - (8) Various - (6) Various - Various - Various - Various - Various - (14) Various - (10) Technique; atomisa tion; Concentration analyte form* Sample treatmentlcomments Reference Element Unm Matrix Various - Meteoric deposits, Trace levels AA; ETA; L Wet samples treated with HN03 up to pH 1.8 87/C1606 (1 1) dry and wet NAA; S for AAS, dry samples homogenised by grinding in agate mortar for NAA; pollution study of city sites and vicinity of a power station (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V and Zn) to the plasma; modified torch design to inject slurry in a toroidal fashion above the induction region Refractory material - AE; ICP; S Studied effect of propane and/or O2 added 87lC1607 (Al, Si, Ti) Aluminium alloys, Major, minor and AE; spark Comparison with conventional Ar or N, 87/C1621 alumina trace levels discharge, ICP; S atmosphere point-to-plane spark analysis; also tested powder samples of alumina or aluminium silicate pelletised with graphite (not for trace levels) of 5-6 pm for slurry atomisation; optimised spray chamber geometry and nebuliser gas flow-rate to yield 100% elemental recoveries in a microwave oven; on-line spectral interference corrections, extensive software development to allow generalised procedure on slurry atomisation, enhancement or depression of signals by introduction of organic gases into plasma Various - AE; DCP or ICP; S Reduced sample to median particle diameter 87/C1624 Various AE; ICP; L Digested with HCl - HF, treated with H3B03 87/C1628 Oxides, carbides - AE; DCP; S Studied effects of propane, Freon and C2H2 87/C1630 of Al, Si, Ti Ores, manganese Trace levels AA; continuum Simultaneous multi-element AAS with relative 87lC1639 nodules, heavy- source, F; L freedom from matrix problems; comparison mineral separates with alternative methods of analysis (Ag, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) nebuliser in relation to six other models available commercially; comparison of RSDs, detection limits, practicality and complexity comparison of relative efficiencies of Co and Ag anode X-ray tubes mechanism for the non-linearity of calibration graph for major component; response as for trace elements High solids: Trace levels AE; ICP; L Evaluation of new, moulded, high-solids 87lC1668 NaCI, LiB02, infant formula Silicate rock Major levels XRF, energy Sample prepared as glass fusion disc; 8711 698 dispersive Calcium rich Major and trace AE; ICP; L Self-matrix effect proposed as a new 8711 702 levels 8711710 Rare earth - XRF, radioisotope Powder distributed between layers of compounds induced; Lor S adhesive cellophane, or metal foil sample self-supporting, or liquid in thin-walled polycarbonate test-tube; effects of chemical bonding (REEs) automatic adjustment of forward power supplied to the plasma in response to the needs of individual samples Two-stage acid dissolution procedure with HN03 - HC104 - HF in PTFE decomposition vessel; chondrite levels determined without pre-concentration (REEs) Sample wet ashed under pressure in PTFE vessel with HN03 - HC104 - HF, evaporated to dryness, residue dissolved in 0.1 M HN03 (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) H3B03 as the binding agent (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) Calcium, plant - AE; ICP; L Correction of matrix-induced changes; 8711 728 material Geological material 87/1760 Various - Uranium dioxide, pg g-I XRF; S Prepared double-layer pressed pellets with 87/1788 nuclear grade (6) * Hy indicates hydride generation and S, L and G signify solid, liquid or gaseous introduction, respectively.Other abbreviations are listed elsewhere. Ultratrace levels MS; ICP; L Marine g-' sediment RM MS; ICP; L 8711759230R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 LOCATION OF REFERENCES The full references cited in the Update have been published as follows: 8611835-8612039, J.Anal. At. Spectrom., 1986, 1(6), 193R-200R. 87114371395, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1987, 2(1), 29R-42R. 871396871637, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1987, 2(3), 69R-77R. 871638-8711169, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1987, 2(4), 115R-131R. 8711170-8711503, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1987, 2(5), 155R-166R. 8711504-8711802, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1987, 2(7), 199R-209R. Abbreviated forms of the literature references quoted (excluding those to Conference proceedings) are given below for the convenience of readers. The full references, names and addresses of authors and details of the Conference presentations can easily be found in the appropriate issue of JAAS cited above. Abbreviated List of References Cited in Update 8611841.Appl. 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SOC. Chim. Belg., 1986,95,385.87/250. Fenxi Huaxue, 1986, 14, 222. 871264. Fresenius Z . Anal. Chem., 1986, 323, 497. 871269. Zavod. Lab., 1986,52(4), 9.871290. Talanta, 1986,33, 601. 871336. Fenxi Huaxue, 1985,13,858.87/338. Z. Gesamte Hyg. Ihre Grenzgeb., 1985,31,614.87/379. Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986, 183, 231. 871380. Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986, 183, 239. 871383. Can. J. Spectrosc., 1986, 31(2), 35. 871390. Fenxi Huaxue, 1986, 14, 158. 871392. Finn. Chem. Lett., 1985, (6), 246. 871393. J. Geochem. Explor., 1986, 25, 367. 871408. Zh. Anal. Khim., 1986, 41, 870. 071412. Bunseki, 1986, (l), 96. 871435. Comm. Eur. Communities, [Rep.] EUR, 1986, EUR 10141,51 pp. 871479. Anal. Sci., 1986, 2, 261. 871488. Analyst, 1985, 110, 1413. 871492. Int. Lab., 1986,16(4), 28.87624. Fenxi Huaxue, 1986, 14, 273. 871525. Fenxi Huaxue, 1986, 14, 276. 871526. Fenxi Huaxue, 1986, 14, 286. 871530. Fenxi Huaxue, 1986, 14, 333. 871532. Fenxi Huaxue, 1986, 14,457. 871534. Silic. Ind., 1986, 51, 11. 871577. Zh. Anal. Khim., 1986, 41, 1072. 871578. Chem. Geol., 1986, 56, 93. 871605. Zavod. Lab., 1986,52(6), 32. 871622. Spectrochim. Acta, Part B , 1986, 41, 837. 871640. Analyst, 1986, 111, 897. 871679. Bunseki Kagaku, 1986, 35, 590. 871685. Yankuang Ceshi, 1986, 5(1), 22. 871686. Yankuang Ceshi, 1986, 5(1), 29. 871688. Yankuang Ceshi, 1986, 5(1), 58. 871692. J. Chin. Chem. SOC. (Taipei), 1986, 33(1), 35. 871923. Fresenius 2. Anal. Chem., 1986, 324, 855. 871938. Yankuang Ceshi, 1986, 5(1), 18. 871939. Yankuang Ceshi, 1986, 5(1), 37. 871940. Yankuang Ceshi, 1986,5(1), 41. 871941. Yankuang Ceshi, 1986, 5(1), 45. 871942. Yankuang Ceshi, 1986,5(1), 52. 871943. Yankuang Ceshi, 1986,5(1), 55. 871944. Yankuang Ceshi, 1986, 5(1), 63. 871945. Yankuang Ceshi, 1986,5(1), 65. 871946. Yankuang Ceshi, 1986,5(1), 67. 871967. Bunseki, 1986, (l), 34. 871969. Pap.-Geol. Surv. Can., 1986, 86-1A, 89. 871970. Zh. Anal. Khim., 1986, 41, 74. 871974. Analyst, 1986, 111, 1255. 8711174. Appl. Geochem., 1986, 1, 161. 8711205. 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Spectrosc., 1986, 7, 155. 8711459. Guangpuxue Y u Guangpu Fenxi, 1986, 6(5), 44. 8711463. Talanta, 1986,33,1027.8711488. Taikabutsu, 1986, 38, 664. 8711489. Zavod. Lab., 1986, 52(9), 40. 8711504. Chem. Geol., 1986, 56, 93. 8711506. Geostand. Newsl., 1986, 10, 13. 8711507. Geostand. Newsl., 1986, 10, 27. 8711508. Geostand. Newsl., 1986, 10, 127. 8711509. Geostand. Newsl., 1986, 10, 135. 8711510. Geostand. Newsl., 1986, 10, 169. 8711511. Geostand. Newsl., 1986, 10, 173. 8711527. Analyst, 1987, 112, 23. 8711540. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1986,1,169R. 8711546. Bunseki Kagaku, 1986,35,911. 8711551. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1986,1,429.87/1552. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1986, 1,433. 8711698. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1986, 1,467. 8711709. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1987, 2, 67. 8711718. J.Ana1. At. Spectrom., 1987,2,125.87/1728. J . Anal. At. Spectrom., 1987, 2, 185. 8711729. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1987,2, 189. 8711748. At. Spectrosc., 1987, 8, 12. 8711759. J. Anal. At. 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ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA987020211R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1987

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYIICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL 2 ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE REFERENCES 231R The address given in a reference is that of the first named author and is not necessarily the same for any co-author 873'1803. Thelin, B., A new way of organising spectral line intensity ratio fluctuations of different elements, Analyst, 1987, 112, 623. (Kiruna Geophysical Institute, PO Box 812, S-981 28 Kiruna, Sweden). Strelow, F. W. E., Determination of trace elements down to sub-p.p.m. levels in molybdenum metal and com- pounds, by ion-exchange chromatography - flame atomic absorption spectrometry, S. A,fr. 1. Chern., 1987. 40, 1 . (Natl. Chem. Res. Lab., PO Box 395. Pretoria, South Africa j . Winbum, D. C., Laser protective eye wear - how safe is it?, Laser Focus, 1987.23, 136. (Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, NM 87543, USA). Apel, E. C., Anderson, J . E., Estler, R. C., Nogar, N. S., Miller, C. 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Shelley, B. C., The development of an automated FIA - AAS system for the determination of Ca, Mg, Na and K, (State Chem. Lab., 5 Macarthur St., East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia). 87/C2032. Clayton, E., Proton induced X-ray emission analysis, (Applied Physics Division, Australian Atomic Energy Commission, Lock Mailbag Menai, NSW 2234, Australia), 87lC2033. Frary, B. D., Computerised enhancements for atomic absorption systems, (Varian Techtron Pty. Ltd., 679-701, Springvale Rd., Mulgrave, Victoria 3170, Australia). 87lC2034. Davey, D. E., Marsson, G., A tunable cross-flow nebuliser for flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, (School of Chemical Technol., South Australian Inst.Technol., PO Box 1, Ingle Farm, South Australia 5098, Australia).JOIJRNAL OF ANAL1 TICAL ATOMIC SPEC I’ROME7 RY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL 2 239R 87’C2035 X7iC2036 87 c20.17 87iC20.18 87C2039 87’C3030 87 (‘2031 87iC2032. 87, C203.1 871C2044. 871C20.45. 871C2036. 87 ‘C2017. 87iC2048. 87iC2039 87 I (‘2050 Elms, T. J., Pierson, R. R., The detcrmination of trace element residues in polyethylene by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), (Chctn. Section, Res. Dept.. Tcleconi Australia. PO Box 249, Clayton 3 168. Victoria, Australia). Edwards, L. B., Van Steveninck, R. F. M., Quantitative determination of manganese atid silicon i n freeze-frac- turecl plant material, (School of Agriculture, La Trobc Univ., Plenty Rd..Bundoora. Victoria 30x3. Australia). Ng, J . C., Gruber, T. A., Seawright, A. A,, Mercup. selenium and arsenic levels in sharks, and in cats fed on a shark diet. (Toxicol. Lab.. Dept. Veterinary Pathol. and Public Health, Univ. Queensland. St. Lucia. Brisbanc, Queensland, Aus:ralia). Quezada. R. A., Farrell, 0. P., Riley, K. W., Microwave digestion - DC‘P analysis of silicate materials, (CSIRO Division of Fossil fuels, PO Box 136, North Ryde. Neu. South Wales 21 13, Australia). Smith, J . I)., McKae, \‘. M., Use of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry i n the analysis of particles from air and water, (School of C‘hem., Univ. Melbourne, Parkville. Victoria 3052, Australia). Stauber, J. L., Florence, T. M., The use o f 5calp hair to monitor manganese in Aborigines from Groote Eylandt. (CSIRO Division of Energy Chemistry.Private Mail B a g 7, Menai. New South Wales, 2233. Australia). McLaren, J. W., Beauchemin, D., Berman, S. S., Intcrfcr- ence effects in inductively couplecl plasma mass spec- trometry, (Anal. Chem. Section. Chcm. Division. Natl. Kes. Council of Canada. Ottaxvii KIA OR9, Canada). Schrader, W., Application of artificial intelligence and ;t new method of internal standardisation to a routine l(’P spectrometer, (Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer. D-7770 U berlingcn. FRG). Liddell, P. R., Athanasopoulos, N . , Chapple, G. k;., Bennett, P. A., The effect of background correction speed on analylical accuracy in graphite furnace AAS. (GRC Scientific Equipment Pty. Ltd., 22 Brooklyn Av., Dantie- nong, Victoria 3175.Australia). Zhang, Z., Yang, X., Tang, B., Liu, J . , Lin, R., Zheng, X . , Direct determination of toxic trace elements in sea water by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectromctry. (Dept. Chcm., Zhongshhan Univ.. Ciuangzhou, China). Steiner, J. M’., Burren, B. G . , Thistlethwaite, E. ,J., The application of a gaseous modifier in electrothermal atoinic absorption spectroscopy, (Dept. Primary Industries. Ani- mal Res. Inst., 665 Fairfield Rd., Yeerongpilly, Brisbane 3 105, Australia). Matousek, J . P., Powell, H. K. J . , Electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy using a chlorine atmosphere, (Dept. Anal. Chern., Univ. New South Wales, PO Box 1, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia). Sturman, B . T., Doidge, P. S., I-Iydridc generation atomic absorption spectrometry with in s i f u pre-concentration i n a graphite furnace in the presence of palladium, (Varian Techtron Pty. Ltd., PO Box 222, Springvale, Victoria 3170.Australia). Taylor, H. E., Techniques for quantifying trace metals in environmental water samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, (Natl. Res. Program, Water Resources Divison, US Geol. Surv., Natl. Water Quality Lab., 5293 Ward Rd., Arvada, CO 80002, USA). Clayton, E., Fine particle analysis by PTXE. (Applied Physics Dii.. . Australian Atomic Energy Commission. Private Mailbag I , Menai, New South Wales 2231, Australia). Brodie, K. G., Knowles, M. B., Moffett, J. H., An intelligent use of graphite furnace features to simplify the analysis o f samples with complex matrices, (Varian Tech- tron Ptv.Ltd.. 679 SDrinpvale Rd.. Mulgrave. Victoria h7’C2051 Riley, K. W., Arsenic. dluminiuin, the g r q h i l c lurnnce and 4erendipity, (CSIRO Division of Fos\il Fucls, PO Box 136, North Ryde, New South Wale\ 21 13. Austrdhd) h7/C2052 Satumba, R. T., Bootes, R. 4., ‘Matousek, .I. P., Clec- trothermal cdporisdtion of refractoi y elements for induct- ively coupled pldsnici (itomic emission \pectrometry. (Dept Anal Chem , Unn New South Wdles. PO Box 1, Kensington, N ~ M South Wdc\ 2013. Austrcllid) h7/(’2053 McLaren, J. W., Beauchemin, D., Berman, S. S., Applicn- ttons of ICP-MS in mmne dndlyticdl chemistrl, (Anal Chem Section, Chem r h l s i o n . hdtl Re5 (’ouncil of Cdndd,i, Ottaw‘i KlA ORc), C mdcLi) h7T205.4 Chiswell, B . , Mokhtar, M.B., O’HaIloran, K., Specidtion of manganese i n water storage dams, (Dept Chcm Queensland, St Luci<i. Queensldnd 4067. Au5trali‘i) S7T2055 Schrader, W., Atomic spectroscopy-- hich tcchniquc to (Bodenseew erk Perkin-Elmer, D-7770 Uberltngen. FRG) h7iC2056 Huang, B., Zhang, Z. Y . , Zeng, X. J., Studies on hidride generation technique in non-dqucous nicdia, (C ollege of Technolog), Xiamen Univ , Xidinen. C‘hind) 87/(’2057 Bootes, R. A., Satumba, R. T., tinlajson, R . J., Matousek, J. P., A graphite furnace vaporisation system for the introduction of disc1 ete sdmples into dn inductiwlj cou- pled plasma, (Occupational S d e t j nnd I-fe,tlth Sectlon, HMA Yacal Dockyard, Gdtden Islmd, lucu South W,iles 2000. Austrdi d) X7/(’2058 Sharp, J. H., The determination of lead.cndmium m d copper in foodstuffs bv dnodic stripping voltdmmetry d comparison with ETA-AAS. (Chem Dept , NSW Inst Technol , Brotidway. New South Wales 2007. Austrnlta) Unic select f o ~ Whdt dppllCdtlo11 --AAS, ICP-A€S, IC‘P-MS. X712059. Atsuya, I., Itoh, K . , Akatsuka, K., .Jin, K . , Direct determination of trace amounts of arsenic in powdered biological samples by atomic absorption spectrometry using an inner miniature cup for solid sampling technique$, Fresenius Z. Anal. C‘hem.. 1987, 326, 53. (Kitami Inst. Technol. , Kitami 090, Japan). Erler, W., Lehmann, R., Vollkopf, U., Determination of cadmium and lead in animal liver and freeze-dried blood by graphite furnace Zeeman atomic absorption spec- trometry and solid sampling. Trace Elem. Anal.Chem. Med. Riol., Proc. lnt. Workshop, 4ih, 1986, 1987. 3x5. (lBodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer und Co. CimbH, 11-7770 U herlingen, FRG) , Medina, E. J., Hernandez, H. F., Conesa, C. M., Pastor, G. A., Study of the effect of matrix modifiers on the determination of lead in several marine organisms by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy, Analu.si.r. 1987, 15. 47. (Univ. Coll. Castellon. Univ. Valencia. Castellon 12004, Spain). 8712062. Schmitt, C. J., Finger, S. E., The effects of sample preparation on measured concentrations of eight elements in edible tissues o f fish from streams contaminated by lead mining, Arch. Environ. Conturn. Toxicol.. 1987, 16, 185. (Fish Wildl. Serv., Columbia Natl. Fish. Res. Lab., Columbia, MO 65201. USA). Heinrich, R., Angerer, J., Cobalt and nickel in biological material-analytical methods for physiological and expo- sure-dependent concentrations, Fortschr.Atomspektrom. Spurenanal., 1986, 2, 159. (Univ. Hamburg Zentralinst. Arbeitsmed.. D-2000 Hamburg 76. FRG). Comber, M. H. I., Direct multi-element determination of selected elements in rat urine by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Anal. Lett. , 1986, 19, 2285. (Brixham Lab., ICI PLC, Brixham TQS 8BA, UK). Uchino, E., Jin, K . , Tsuzuki, T., Inoue, K . , Evaluation of the stability of 50me elements during lyophilisation of rat liver using atomic absorption spectrometry, Analyst, 1987, 8712060. X7i206 1 . 8712063. 8713064. X7i2065. I Y Y 3170, Australi‘i). 112,291 .THokkaido Inst. Pubiic Health, Sapporo, Japan)240R 8712066.8712067. 8712068. 87t2069. 8712070. 8712071. 8712072. 8712073. 8712074. 8712075. 8712076. 8712077. 8712078. 8712079. 8712080. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 Chow, H., Gump, B. H., Phosphorus in wine: comparison of atomic absorption spectrometry methods, J . Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 1987,70,61. (Dept. Enol., Food Sci. Nutr., California State Univ., Fresno, CA 93470, USA). Stuenzi, H., Selenium determination in forages, Fortschr. Atomspektrom. Spurenanal., 1986, 2 , 487. (Swiss Fed. Res. Stn. Agron. , CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland). De Doncker, K., Dumarey, R., Dams, R., Hoste, J., Determination of tin in atmospheric particulate matter by hydride generation and atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chzm. Acta, 1986, 187, 163.(Inst. Nucl. Sci., Rijksuniv. Gent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium). Hewitt, C. N., Harrison, R. M., Radojevic, M., The determination of individual gaseous ionic alkyllead species in the atmosphere, Anal. Chirn. Acta, 1986, 188, 229. (Dept. Environ. Sci. , Univ. Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK). Tanaka, S., Nakamura, M., Hashimoto, Y., Simultaneous determination of arsenic and antimony in spring water by co-precipitation with zirconium hydroxide and XRF analy- sis, Bunseki Kugaku, 1987,36,114. (Dept. Appl. Chem., Keio Univ., Yokohama 223, Japan). Hirata, S., Honda, K., Rapid determination of zinc in sea water by column pre-concentration - AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry), Bunseki Kagaku, 1987,36,213. (Govt. Ind. Res. Inst., Hiro, Japan). Schikarski, M., Bruns, H., Experiences with ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spec- trometry) in control of infusion and dialysis solutions and their contents, Fortschr.Atomspektrom. Spurenanal., 1986, 2, 123. (Schiwa GmbH, D-4519 Glandorf, FRG). Magyar, B., Fundamental aspects of atomic absorption spectrometry, CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. , 1987,17,145. (Inst. Inorg. Chem., Swiss Fed. Inst. Technol., Zurich, Switzerland). Kovacic, N. D., Electron temperature distribution in an argon inductively coupled plasma, Fresenius 2. Anal. Chem., 1987, 326, 59. (Dept. Chem., Univ. Massa- chusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA). Green, R. B., Williams, R. R., The microarc as an emission source for atomic spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986, 187, 301. (Res. Dept., Nav. Weapons Cent., China Lane, CA 93555, USA).Mautz, K. E., Parsons, M. L., Moore, C. B., Application of a gas sampling introduction system for inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy and analyses of various plasma gases, Appl. Spectrosc., 1987, 41, 219. (Dept. Chem., Arizona State, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA). Blades, M. W., Caughlin, B. L., Walker, Z. H., Burton, L. L., Excitation, ionisation and spectral line emission in the inductively coupled plasma, Prog. Anal. Spectrosc. , 1987, 10, 57. (Dept. Chem., Univ. British Columbia, Van- couver, British Columbia V6T 1Y6, Canada). Rozanska, B., Domanska, M., Use of additives in pyrolytic separation of mercury from industrial samples for cold- vapour atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acra, 1986, 187, 317. (Dept. Anal. Chem., Tech.Univ. Warsaw, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland). Wang, X., Fang, Z., Determination of trace amounts of selenium in environmental samples by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry combined with flow injec- tion analysis, Fenxi Huaxue, 1986, 14,738. (Inst. For. Soil Sci. , Acad. Sin., Shengyang, China). Chapman, J. F., Dale, L. S., Topham, S. A., Improved caesium sensitivity in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986, 187, 307. (Lucas Heights Res. Lab., CSIRO Div. Energy Chem., Lucas Heights 2234, Australia). 871208 1. 8712082. 8712083. 8712084. 8712085. 8712086. 8712087. 8712088. 87J2089. 8712090. 8712091. 8712092. 8712093. 8712094. Zhao, Y., Determination of lanthanum, cerium, praseody- mium, neodymium, iron and boron in low-purity neody- mium (RE) - iron - boron permanent magnet alloy, Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi, 1986, 6(6), 38.(Inst. Phys., Acad. Sin., Beijing, China). Shah, V. G., Kulkarni, S. Y., Microdetermination of chlorine in noble metal organic compounds and determi- nation of palladium by atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 1987, 59, 1375. (Div. Org. Chem., Natl. Chem. Lab., Pune 411008, India). Marshall, G. D., The determination of gallium in carbo- naceous materials by atomic absorption spectropho- tometry, Rep. MINTEK, 1986, M276, 11 pp. (Counc. Miner. Technol., Randburg, South Africa). Lorber, A., Harel, A., Goldbart, Z., Brenner, I. B., Curve resolution and figures of merit estimation for determina- tion of trace elements in geological materials by induc- tively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, Anal.Chem., 1987, 59, 1260. (Nucl. Res. Cent. Negev, 84190 Beer Sheva, Israel). Otruba, V., Kudlackova, J., Determination of boron in soils, soil extracts, sewage sludges or sediments by emission spectrometry, Chern. Listy, 1987,81,76. (Prirod. Fak., UJEP, 611 37 Brno, Czechoslovakia). Pathiratne, K. A. S., Lovett, R. J., Isotopes and atomic absorption spectrometry. Computer simulations. Part I. Evaluation of the simulation model using the flame atomic absorption determination of lithium isotope abundances, Appl. Spectrosc., 1987, 41, 208. (Dept. Chem., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105, USA). Murphy, V. A., Method for determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and phosphate in the rat choroid plexus by flame atomic absorption and visible spectroscopy, Anal.Biochem., 1987, 161, 144. (Lab. Neurosci., Natl. Inst. Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA). Pang, T. W. S., D’Onofrio, A. M., Lo, F. B., Arai, D. K., Nazar, M. A., Precipitation technique to prepare thin-film standards of lead and zinc for X-ray fluorescence spec- trometry, X-Ray Specrrom. , 1987, 16,45. (Occup. Health Lab., Ontario Minist. Labour, Weston, Ontario M9P 3T1, Canada), Nakamura, E., Namiki, H., Pre-concentration and deter- mination of nanogram per litre levels of mercury in water, Bunseki Kagaku, 1987, 36, 120. (Fac. Educ., Yokohama Natl. Univ., Yokohama 240, Japan). Okutani, T., Naganuma, A,, Determination of trace metals in sediments by pre-concentration as xanthate complex on activated carbon - AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry), Bunseki Kugaku, 1987,36,216.(Coll. Sci. Technol. , Nihon Univ. , Tokyo 101 , Japan). Smith, S. B., Jr., Sainz, M. A., Schleicher, R. G., Optiplex: a multi-dimensional response surface fitting procedure for optimisation of instrumental parameters, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B , 1987, 42, 323. (Allied Anal. Syst., Waltham, MA 02154, USA). Michel, R. G., Seltzer, M. D., Hendrick, M. S., Progress in laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry, Anal. Chem. Explor., Min. Process. Muter., Invited Lect. Int. Symp., 2nd, 1985, 1986, 133. (Dept. Chem., Univ. Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA). Agterdenbos, J., Bax, D., A study on the generation of hydrogen selenide and decomposition of tetrahydroborate in hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal.Chim. Actu, 1986, 188, 127. (Anal. Chem. Lab., Rijksuniv. , 3522 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands). Long, G. L., Newman, W. J., Jr., Klunder, G. L., Mahaney, J., The phosphine depression in flame atomic spectrometry, Appl. Spectrosc. , 1987, 41 255. (Dept. Chem. , Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ., Blacks- burg, VA 24061 , USA).JOURNAL. OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 241R x712095. 8712096. 87i2097. 87,'2098. 8712099. 87,2100. I'yson, J. F., Bysouth, S. R., Current calibration practices for flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Part 1. Initial results from a survey, Anal. Proc.. 1987, 24, 83. (Dcpt. Chem., Univ. Technol., Loughborough, Leicestershire LEll 3TU, UK). Haswell, S. J . , Stockton, R. A., Bancroft, K. C. C., O'Neill, P., Rahman, A., Irgolic, K. J., Element-specific detectors for high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC): a computerised automated HPLC - graphite furnace atomic absorption system, 1. Autom. Chem., 1987, 9 , h . (Dept. Environ. Sci., Plymouth Polytech., Plymouth, Devon, UK). Mostafa, M. A,, Ghazy, S. E., El-Tanbouly, M. A., Flotation and atomic absorption spectrophotometric investigation of molybdenum, Analusis. 1986, 14. 543. (Fac. Sci., Mansoura Univ., Mansoura, Egypt). Zhang, H. Q., Ma, L. B., Jin, Q. H., Indirect determina- tion of selenium and tellurium by cold mercury vapour atomic absorption spectrometry, Jilin Daxue Zirun Kexue Xuehuo, 1986. ( 3 ) , 103. (Dept. Chem., Jilin Univ.. Changchun, China). Puri, B. K., Wasey, A., Katyal, M., Satake, M., Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of cad- mium, lead and zinc after separation by absorption of their diethyldithiocarbamates on microcrystalline naphthalene, Ann. Chim. (Rome), 1986, 76, 495. (Dept. Chem., Indian Inst. Technol., New Delhi 110016, India). Schmidt, W. F., Dietl, F., Determination of beryllium in soils by flameless atomic absorption with zirconium-coated graphite tubes, Fresenius Z. And. Chem., 1987, 326, 40. (Inst. Strahlenschutz, Ges. Strahlen- und Umweltforsch. GmbH Munchen. D-8042 Neuherberg, FRG). 8712101. 8712 102. 8712 i 03. 8712 104. 8712 105. Brown, P. G., Haas, D. L., Workman, J. M., Caruso, J . A., Fricke, F. L., Moderate-power argon microwave- induced plasma for the detection of metal ions in aqueous samples of complex matrix, Anal. Chrm., 1987, 59, 1433. (Dept. Cheni., Univ. Cincinnati, Cinncinnati, OH 45221, USA). Tsalev, D., Mandzhukov, P., Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of hydride- forming elements after simultaneous pre-concentration by hydride generation and trapping hydrides in cerium( IV) - potassium iodide absorbing solution, Microchem. J . , 1987, 35, 83. (Fac. Chem., Univ. Sofia. 1126 Sofia, Bulgaria). Ohta, K., Atomic emission spectrometry of sodium with an electrothermal metal microtube, Frerenius Z . Anal. Chern., 1987, 326, 132. (Fac. Eng., Mie Univ., Tsu 514, Japan). Vernet, M., Marin, L., Boulmier, S., Lhomrne, J., Rapid determination of beryllium and total tin concentration\ at the trace level in geological materials by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Analusis, 1987. 15, 87. (Cent. Rech. Petrogr. Geochim., 54500 Vandaeuvre-le5- Nancy, France). Chen, Z., Murty, P. S., Barnes, R. M., A sample transfer technique for the analysis o f trimethylgallium by induct- ively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy with exponential dilution technique. Appl. Spectrosc., 1987,41, 333. (Dept. Chem., Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA OlOO3-OO35, USA).

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA987020231R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1987

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

242R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 Glossary of Abbreviations Whenever suitable, elements may be referred to by their chemical symbols and compounds by their formulae. The following abbreviations are used extensively in the Atomic Spectrometry Updates. a x . AA AAS AE AES AF AFS APDC ASV CMP CRM cw d.c. DCP DMF DNA EDL EDTA ETA FAAS FAES FAFS FI GC GDL HCL h.f. HPLC IBMK ED-XRF alternating current atomic absorption atomic absorption spectrometry atomic emission atomic emission spectrometry atomic fluorescence atomic fluorescence spectrometry ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (ammonium tetramethylenedithio- carbamate) anodic-stripping voltammetry capacitively coupled microwave plasma certified reference material continuous wave direct current d.c.plasma N, N-dimethylformamide deox yribonucleic acid electrodeless discharge lamp ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence electrothermal atomisation flame AAS flame AES flame AFS flow injection gas chromatography glow discharge lamp hollow-cathode lamp high-frequency high-performance liquid chromatography isobutyl methyl ketone (4-methylpentan- 2-one) ICP IR LC LTE MECA MIP MS NAA NaDDC NTA OES PMT p.p.b. p.p.m. PTFE r.f. REE RM RSD SBR SEM SNR SSMS TCA TLC TOP0 u.h.f. uv VDU vuv WD-XRF XRF inductively coupled plasma infrared liquid chromatography local thermal equilibrium molecular emission cavity analysis microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry neutron activation analysis sodium diethyldithiocarbamate nitrilotriacetic acid optical emission spectrometry photomultiplier tube parts per billion parts per million polytetrafluoroeth ylene radio frequency rare earth element reference material relative standard deviation signal to background ratio scanning electron microscopy signal to noise ratio spark-source mass spectrometry trichloroacetic acid thin-layer chromatography trioctylphosphine oxide ultra-high-frequency ultraviolet visual display unit vacuum ultraviolet wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence X-ray fluorescence

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA987020242R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1987

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 737 ~ Editorial JAA%Getting the Balance Right and Fulfilling a Need With this issue of JAAS we can look back over our first two years with considerable satisfaction and forward to the future with optimism and confidence. The launch of JAAS was planned by a group of practis- ing atomic spectroscopists and its success has exceeded the hopes of even the most optimistic among them. We were aiming for a learned society journal that pub- lished high quality primary papers, including both fundamental advances and important applications, with a balance in all forms of analytical atomic spec- trometry, that offered current awareness through the Atomic Spectrometry Updates References and a unique review service through the Updates (ASUs), which con- sider not only published material but recent advances reported at conferences in an expert and critical manner.All of this we can fairly claim to have achieved. We wanted to do this without the fustiness often associated with learned society journals and we are delighted with the success of the “news pages” at the front of the journal and the sense of community they have fostered. Some idea of the balance achieved in our first two years can be obtained by examining the distribution of the topics which were the subjects of the primary papers published in JAAS in 1986 and 1987. In all some 14 issues were published in our first two years, 12 regular and two special issues, the latter reporting papers from the Third Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium and the 1987 Winter Conference on Plasma and Laser Spectrochemistry .Naturally the majority of papers have concerned the techniques which predominate in real sample analysis in state-of-the-art laboratories, namely electrothermal atomisation atomic abs- orption spectrometry (57 papers), induc- tively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (52 papers) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (31 papers). We have been pleased to be able to publish 19 papers about what is perhaps the fastest growing new technique, namely inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Without doubt we are seen as a major publishing vehicle for advances in ICP-MS. The other papers we have published cover a broad range of other techniques and for interest they are listed below with numbers of papers in parentheses, readers will perhaps forgive the alphabet soup of abbreviations but they follow standard ASU practice: low pressure discharges (HCL and EDL par- ticularly) (8); XRF (7); coupled chromat- ography - atomic spectrometry (7); hydride generation AAS (6); ETA-AFS (6); ETA-AES (4); MIP-AES (4); arc/ spark excitation AES (2); FAFS (2); ICP-AFS (2); LEIS (2); MECA (2); DCP-AES (1); DCP-AFS (1); FAES (1) ; spectrometry using magneto-optical effects (1); SIMS (1); and SSMS (1).It seems we can be proud of our balance and catholicity . For the future we plan to build upon our existing strength and to grow steadily whilst maintaining quality. Next year we again plan eight issues, six regular issues of primary papers with ASU material and two special issues.The first of these special issues will be the largest and most significant issue of JAAS yet published. It is fitting that this should be so, for the January issue will be published as a tribute to the first chairman of the Edi- torial Board, the late Professor John M. Ottaway. In many ways John was the inspiration and driving force behind JAAS, and many distinguished scientists, either friends of John or of JAAS, have contributed to this substantial memorial issue. The second special issue to be published later in the year will feature a selection of papers presented at the Inter- national Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry to be held in San Diego in January 1988. Despite the expected increase in size of JAAS in 1988 the price has again been held as low as possible and the small increase has been kept to that necessary to live with inflation and page growth. Our standards of refereeing will continue to be high, in order that only suitable and first quality papers are pub- lished. The cover of JAAS has been redesigned and readers will see the first of the new covers in January 1988. While we thank our readers for their support and trust that they will continue to be pleased with this journal we always value their comments. Many atomic spec- troscopists have not only found that JAAS answers their literature needs but also that it is an excellent medium for publish- ing their own contributions. Refereeing is thorough yet times to publication in JAAS are usually shorter than in similar journals. Many authors find this an irre- sistible combination, if you have not yet made that discovery may we invite you to try us. Les Ebdon Chairman, JAAS Editorial Board

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA987020737a

出版商:RSC    

年代:1987

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

739 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 Conference Report 111 Italo-Hungarian Symposium on Spectrochemistry-Biomedical Research and Spectrochemistry: Ispra, Italy, June 8th-l2th, 1987 Scientific cooperation between Ttaly and Hungary within the framework of an existing governmental agreement led to the creation some years ago of a series of biennial symposia exploring the many facets of spectrochemical research and its applications. Now in its third cycle, this undertaking has taken root, thus demon- strating the validity and relevance of such gatherings. These conferences in fact are becoming more of a permanent forum for discussing the progress of both partners in fields of common interest, while at the same time affording the opportunity to outline further possible developments.The 1987 meeting took place on the premises of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), Commission of the European Community, Ispra Establishment, to whom a special word of thanks should be addressed once again. The outstanding expertise and excellent facilities available at this institution afforded an ideal back- ground for the conferenc; activities, pro- viding all participants with a unique opportunity to come into contact with specialists in almost every branch of spectroscopy. The presence of two pro- minent scientists from other countries, namely Professor H. Lieth (GDR) and Professor A. Sanz-Medel (Spain), added interest to the meeting. The theme of this I11 Symposium focused on disease prevention and health maintenance from a spectrochemical viewpoint, also taking into account en- vironmental protection as a key para- meter.The over-all purpose was to emphasise the powerful support lent by spectrochemistry in facing general sani- tary problems. Current trends in this area were illustrated in the lectures delivered by the 34 invited speakers. These formed the backbone of the event, which was supported by 16 posters dealing with more specific topics. The first session opened with a survey on the ICP-MS activities at the JRC-Ispra (S. Facchetti), while evaluation of spec- trochemical information (L. Pasky) and trace element analysis in biological mat- rices by ETA-AAS (M. A. Biancifiori) were also discussed. Volatilisation processes in a graphite furnace (T. KAn- tor), background correction procedures in atomic spectroscopy (G.Rossi) , use of surfactants in atomic spectroscopy (I. Lakatos), the potential of NAA in biomedical research (R. Pietra), accuracy of MS determinations of oxygen (J. Borossay) and applicability of MS-based Opening session of the III Italo-Hungarian Symposium techniques to quantify contaminants (P. Ciccioli) were considered in the second session. The third session covered ele- ment concentration cadasters and their role in solving ecological and ecophysio- logical problems (H. Lieth), environmen- tal and health impact of trace elements as investigated through nuclear techniques (E. Sabbioni), X-ray fluorescence analy- sis of environmental samples (T. Trager), equilibrium models for elements in sea water (R. Boniforti), NAA as applied to environmental research (M.Gallorini), element pre-concentration and separation prior to TCP-AES analysis (Zs. Horvath), analytical laser fluorescence and ionisa- tion spectroscopy (N. Omenetto), and automated multi-element pre-concentra- tion in atomic spectroscopy (J. Borszkki). Session IV was devoted to the poster exhibition, whereas Session V hosted lectures on aluminium toxicity and related analytical problems (two different metho- dological approaches, as presented, respectively, by A. Sanz-Medel and S. Costantini), analysis of trace elements in human hair (G. Bozsai) , quantification of chromium in biological fluids (A. Caval- leri), quality assurance programmes in the biological monitoring of aluminium, cad- mium, copper, lead and zinc (M.Pat- riarca), arc and spark analysis of trace elements in solution (E. Gegus), analysis of water-borne particulates by Zeeman AAS and direct sample insertion into the ICP torch (Gy. Zaray). Session VI encompassed spectrochemistry of non- conductive materials (K. Zimmer), advances in GC - FTIR spectrometry (R. Fuoco), trace elements in materials of electronic interest (L. Vecsernyes) , occu- pational exposure to trace metals (E. Sabbioni), development of an improved HCD lamp (L. Papp), and studies of metal - biocompatible ceramic materials (S. Fioravanti). Finally, chemotherapy with Pt-containing drugs (S. Caroli), trace element determination by INAA (G. Capannesi) and soil micronutrient capac- ity (Gy. Heltai) were dealt with in the last session. The number of participants did not exceed one hundred, which was ideal for this type of conference as all of the attendees could effectively interact with each other.The social programme culmi- nated in a pleasant boat trip on Lake Maggiore and a visit to the Borromeo islands and other renowned resorts. The success of the meeting was made possible by the extensive support granted by the Department of Foreign Affairs, the National Council of Research, the National Institute of Health and the JRC-Ispra on the part of Italy, while the Hungarian support was provided by the International Institute of Culture, the Eotvos Lorand University, the National Institute of Hygiene and the Hungarian Academy in Rome. The fourth Sympo- sium of this series is planned to take place in Hungary in 1989.Sergio Caroli Istituto Superiore di Sanitu, Rome, Italy740 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 First Rio Symposium on Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Rio de Janeiro, Brazil September 18-23, 1988 This is the first international symposium devoted to Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ever to be held in South America. The aim of the Rio Symposium is to highlight advances in the field as well as to take stock of the progress made in Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in the 30 years since the introduction of the technique by B. V. L’vov. Topics to be covered at the symposium include: - Fundamental and theoretical studies - Recent developments in instrumentation - Furnace material technology - Sample introduction, including the direct analysis of solids - Development of methods for the analysis of real samples - Novel applications The programme will include plenary lectures portraying the state of the art of Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.The following distinguished scientists have been invited to speak at the Symposium: H. Berndt (FRG); K. Dittrich (GDR); H. Falk (GDR); W. Frech (Sweden); J. M. Harnly (USA); J. A. Holcombe (USA); K. W. Jackson (USA); M. T. C. de Loos-Vollebregt (The Netherlands); B. V. L’vov (USSR); C. J. Rademeyer (R.S.A.); R. E. Sturgeon (Canada); D. Styris (USA); B. Welz (FRG). Participants are invited to submit original research contributions for oral presentation. The deadline for the submission of abstracts is May 15, 1988. The official language of the Symposium will be English. Plenary and submitted papers will be published in the Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, after the normal peer review procedure. The Symposium will be held at the Rio Datacentro Auditorium of the Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-RIO). Facilities will be available for the exhibition of instrumenta- tion. Accommodation in Rio is relatively inexpensive. Special travel and accommodation packages will be offered. A social programme will be planned to maximise the opportunity for interactions among conferees. For further information and registration forms please contact: Adilson J. Curtius Depto. Quimica PUC/RIO Rua Marques de Sao Vicente, 225 22.453 - Gavea - Rio de Janeiro, R J Brazil Telephone: (021) 529-9574 Telex: (021) 31048 PUCR BR Participants from Europe may also obtain information from: Bernhard Welz Department of Applied Research Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co GmbH P.O.B. 1120 D-7770 Uberlingen Telephone: (49) 7551 81 3791 Telex: (49) 733902

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9870200739

出版商:RSC    

年代:1987

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL. 2 741 1987 Hilger Spectroscopy Prize The Hilger Spectroscopy Prize is awarded annually to a worker who has, in the opinion of the Committee of the Atomic Spectroscopy Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry, made a significant contribu- tion to analytical spectroscopy. The upper age limit for those receiving the Prize is 35, and it has a value of 2100. The 1987 Hilger Spectroscopy Prize has been awarded to Dr. S. J. Hill of Plymouth Polytechnic. At the Annual General Meeting of the Atomic Spec- troscopy Group, which was held at UMIST on 25th November, this event was marked by the presentation to Dr. Hill of a book (which he had selected) and a cheque. Steve Hill has spent a number of years at Plymouth Polytechnic, first gaining a BSc degree in Environmental Science, and then staying at the same institution to study for a PhD, working in the analytical chemistry group led by Professor Ebdon.Currently he has a post-doctoral appoint- ment at Plymouth Polytechnic, and the subject of his research is computer-aided tomography for plasma sources. The three-dimensional computerised tomo- graphs of both the ICP and the DCP can be further manipulated to predict the results of perturbations from samples and to identify the best viewing positions. His earlier research involved the use of coupled techniques, such as GC and HPLC with flame AAS, for speciation studies, and he has contributed to a number of publications on this subject. He developed a technique for determin- ing petrol residues (tetramethyllead and tetraethyllead) on hands, and he has also studied the persistence of tributyltin anti- fouling formulations in a number of estu- aries, and the uptake and accumulation of these compounds by oysters.742 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, DECEMBER 1987, VOL.2 1988 Winter Conference On Plasma S pectrochemis try San Diego, California, USA January 3-9, 1988 The 1988 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry, fifth in a series of biennial meetings sponsored by the ICP Information Newsletter, will feature developments in plasma spectrochemical analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), d.c. plasma (DCP), microwave plasma (MIP) and glow and hollow-cathode discharge (GDL, HCL) sources. The meeting will convene Monday, January 4 to Saturday, January 9,1988 at the San Diego Princess resort and convention centre in San Diego.Expert short courses at introductory and advanced levels and an exhibition of spectroscopic instrumentation will also be included. Programme and Objectives Symposia organised and chaired by recognised experts will include the following topics: (1) Sample introduction and transport phenomena; (2) Instrumentation and automation, including on-line analysis and remote systems; (3) Excitation mechanisms and plasma characteristics; (4) Interferometry; ( 5 ) Atomic fluorescence; (6) Glow and hollow-cathode discharges; (7) Flow injection analysis; (8) Chromatography and plasma detectors; (9) Plasma source mass spectrometry; and (10) Industrial applications of ICP mass spectrometry. Of more than 170 papers in the programme, 6 plenary and 10 invited lectures will be presented.Three afternoon poster sessions will feature applications, automation and new instrumentation. Five panel discussions will address critical development areas. Plenary, invited and submitted papers will be published as the official conference proceedings following the meeting after peer review in the Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, September 1988 issue. Instrument Exhibition A three day exhibition of spectroscopic instrumentation and chemicals, electronics, glassware, publications and software supporting plasma spectroscopy will complement the scheduled sessions. Expert Short Courses Introductory and advanced four-hour short courses will be offered January 2-3 and 9,1988. Designed to provide background and intensive training in popular topics of plasma spectrochemistry , these will cover analytical applications, instrumentation, sample introduction and various techniques (e.g. , plasma diagnostics, scientific writing, chemical and physical pre-concentration and applications of isotope dilution and tracers). Registration The conference registration fee includes a copy of the conference proceedings, abstracts, a tee-shirt and conference dinner. The registration fee is $375. On-site registration will be $400. Discounts are provided for students, and no registration fee is required for spouses. Short-course registration fee is $100 for each four-hour course. Further details on all aspects of the Conference can be obtained from: Dr. Ramon M. Barnes Department of Chemistry, GRC Towers, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-0035, USA (413) 545-2294

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA987020741b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1987

数据来源: RSC