摘要:

A seven‐factor model of situation perception, including “personal benefits,”“intimacy,”“rights,”“resistance,”“dominance,”“situation apprehension,” and “relational consequences” was proposed. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to test the fit of the model to the data. One sample (N=450) was employed to test a six‐factor sub model (excluding relational consequences) and a separate sample (N= 270), employing a different situation, was utilized to test the seven‐factor model. The proposed model proved to fit the data well (x2/df ratios of 3.14 and 2.97, respectively) and was superior to alternative models. Future resea

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00686.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using Tough's hierarchical analysis of language functions, uses, and strategies, this study found developmental differences in the communicative functions and strategies used by preschoolers in their conversations with one another. At three, the most important communicative functions were to verbally master information about the environment (interpretativefunction) and to express one's needs and ideas (relationalfunction). Interpretative strategies included labelling and elaboration of detail, which enabled children to explore their environment through verbal means. Relational strategies reflected the child's egocentrism since 75% of those strategies were self‐emphasizing strategies. At four, a major developmental shift occurred, withthe projectivefunction becoming most important, followed by therelationalfunction. Withinthe projectivefunction, imaginating strategies enabled children to create new roles and contexts for their play. Both imaginating and relational strategies incorporated increasingly adaptive communication directed toward others. Generally it was found that females appeared to develop language strategies (utilized by both sexes) earlier than males, and achieved a more advanced level of cognitive complexity and communicative adaptability in their relational and projective strategie

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00687.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Disqualification is nonstraighforward communication—messages that are ambiguous, indirect, or evasive to some degree. A previous paper defined and measured disqualification as deviations from the direct “Iam sayingthistoyouin thissituation”—that is, as relative ambiguity in sender, content, receiver, or context. The present article addresses the question of what causes such messages. An interpersonal, situational theory is proposed and tested in a series of five experiments, using a forced‐choice among written messages in systematically varied, hypothetical situations. Subjects chose the most disqualified messages overwhelmingly when placed in a “bind.” They did so significantly more than when in a non‐bind or a merely unpleasant situation. The last two experiments defined a “bind” as an avoidance‐avoidance conflict and showed that disqualified messages were chosen only in these, and not in approach‐approach conflicts. The conclusion is that disqualification is not a failure of the communicator, nor even a changeworthy behavior, but a reasonable response to an impossible situation, one that permits the sender to leave the

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00688.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examines the relationship between relative victimization in television drama and variations in susceptibility to the cultivation of a sense of personal risk in the real world. The data are based on 323 demographic subgroups (defined by all combinations of age, sex, race, marital status, and class categorizations). Viewers whose fictional counterparts are more likely to be shown as victims show stronger associations between viewing and perceived vulnerability. Moreover, the relative power hierarchy of television drama (derived from “risk ratios” of violence and victimization) strongly matches the real‐world hierarchy of susceptib

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00689.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study reported the development of a set of scales to measure the self, task, and impact dimensions of teacher communication concern. Three stages of instrument development were described: item construction, testing of the hypothesized factor structure, and reliability and validity information. The result was a 15‐item instrument with three subscales. In an effort to refine the conceptualization of teacher communication concern, a secondary purpose of the study was to examine the relationship of teacher communication concern to two variables: anxiety about teaching and attitude toward teaching as a career. Results were that teacher communication concern was not related to anxiety about teaching, but was positively related to attitude about teachin

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00690.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Current research practices in communication create problems for both internal and external validity. One serious design flaw, which involves use of a single message to represent acategoryof messages, occurs in nearly all of the experimental research on communication effects. The problem with such a design is that an observed difference between categories may reflect only differences between individual, idiosyncraticcases. A related error, the “language‐as‐fixed‐effect fallacy,” involves use of several replications of each category, but analysis of the cases as fixed effects. The consequence is that findings cannot be generalized beyond the sample used. Future research should use multiple cases within each message category studied and treat cases as nested random effects. Since the cases cannot be true random samples from message populations, care must be taken to avoid known sources of bias or other barriers to gener

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00691.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00692.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00693.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY