摘要:

The concept of met emotions (appraisals of emotional reactions) was used in three studies designed to explore the enjoyment of sad films and to develop a scale that would reflect such gratifications. Study 1 showed that sad reactions in response to this type of entertainment were positively related to enjoyment and that females reported stronger reactions both in terms of enjoyment and in terms of sad responses than males. The Sad‐Film Scale (SFS) developed in Study 1 was positively associated with measures of empathy, femininity, and positive appraisals of sad emotions. Study 2 found evidence of the scale's reliability and validity. Study 3 demonstrated predictive validity of the SFS in terms of the enjoyment of a specific sad film and in terms of favorable ratings of met emotions reported directly after viewing a sad fil

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00304.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article examines a comprehensive model of information seeking (CMIS) resulting from the synthesis of three theoretical research streams: the health belief model, uses and gratifications research, and a model of media exposure and appraisal. The model postulates that four health‐related factors—demographics, direct experience, salience, and beliefs—determine two information carrier factors—perceptions of information carrier characteristics and utility—which, in turn, determine information‐seeking actions. A sample of 366 adult women drawn from a medium‐size midwestern city was surveyed by telephone on the issue of mammography use and cancer‐related information seeking. The model resulted in an excellent fit to the data received. However, the values of the paths associated with the health‐related factors were extremely low, suggesting that models of information seeking from mass media, such as magazines, should focus on purely communicative factors. These results are discussed in terms of future research and the pragmatic benefits of this theo

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00305.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This experiment assesses the variable amounts of attention that are required for a viewer to process two kinds of interruptions common to television: the shift from one message to a different, unexpected message and the reference to previously presented material that follows an interruption. Respondents viewed 24 television sequences composed of three segments: an initial segment drawn from one program, an interrupt segment drawn from a second program, and a reorient segment that continued the presentation from the first program. Initial and interrupt segment lengths were either 10 seconds or 30 seconds in length to produce a factorial combination of four message sequences. Attention to these interruptions was measured using reaction times to audio tones located 1 and 6 seconds after a shift. More attention was required to view the interrupt segments following 30‐second initial sequences, especially at the 6‐second tone location. For the reorient segments, sequences containing 30‐second initial segments required more attention, as did 30‐second interrupt segments. These results are interpreted in terms of limited capacity and attentional inertia models of at

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00306.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this article the authors argue that claims of sex differences in interruption behavior should not be uncritically accepted as there are limitations in previous research that make such acceptance questionable. The frequency of interruption was examined over a portion of the early life span (Grades 4 and 9 and college). Twenty‐minute structured conversations of 90 dyads (30 male, 30 female, and 30 mixed sex) were scored for four types of interruption, and both developmental and sex differences in interruption behavior were examined. Interruption frequency did not change over age or across dyads of different sex composition. Males did not interrupt any more than females did and females were interrupted by their partners as frequently as males were interrupted by theirs, with one exception: Grade 9females were interrupted more by their female partners. Interruptions were asymmetrically distributed in same‐sex and opposite‐sex dyads; however, the asymmetry in opposite‐sex dyads was not predictablefrom sex of subject or sex of partner. That is, males did not interrupt females any more than females interrupted males. The authors conclude that wholesale acceptance of sex differences in interruption behavior is not wa

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00307.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Based on free descriptions of men and women by male and female respondents, a language approach to outgroup homogeneity and discrimination between gender groups is presented. Verbalizations elicited by 10 topic cues (e.g., sexuality, education of children, and housework) were coded by valence (positive vs. negative), group reference (ingroup vs. outgroup), and the abstractness of the predicate (descriptive action verb, interpretive action verb, state verb, and adjective). Outgroup discrimination was confined to female respondents, as manifested in their tendency to describe men in more negative terms than women. Outgroup‐related statements in general, and outgroup‐derogative statements in particular, were more abstract than statements about the ingroup. However, outgroup discrimination was due more to repetition of biased statements than to differential abstraction. The distribution of discrimination across topics is neither related to conflict proneness nor to the empathic experience associated with intimate (e.g., sexuality) as opposed to other topics (e.g., driving). Outgroup homogeneity is apparent in the consistency of language profiles characterizing outgroup descriptions for different topics but not in generalization over outgroup members. Discrimination and homogeneity are systematically related across topics, and this relation is not due to evaluative constraints. Rather, discrimination is strongest for topics for which the most distinctive and reliable language profiles are available. These results are discussed in the context of a language‐based approach to intergroup af

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00308.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY