摘要:

This study develops a typology of decision paths through analysis of 47 recorded decisions. The sample included a wide variety of decisions made by a variety of groups. Recent research has questioned the traditional assumption that all normal groups follow a set, unitary sequence of decision stages. Instead, this research suggests groups may follow multiple sequences in making decisions. Some writers have gone so far as to deny the existence of phases and propose alternative nonphasic formulations. This study sought to generate descriptive data that could help define the range of alternative decision paths and their properties, in the hope that this could help select among the three perspectives on group decision development. The study developed new methods for mapping developmental sequences that made it possible to avoid one of the most troubling problems in prior research—the use of arbitrary time segments to define phases. The resulting typology had 11 different decision paths that fell into three main groups: unitary sequences, complex sequences, and solution‐centered sequences. Analysis of this typology supported the multiple sequence model, but also suggested a role for normative unitary models. The study also found that most groups have significant periods of disorganized activ

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1989.tb00188.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Persuasive Arguments Theory (PAT) is a noninteractionl theory of group decision making that predicts decision outcomes from the cognitive arguments individuals generate prior to discussion. PAT proponents do not view discussion as a crucial determinant of decision outcomes, but rather as one possible medium for information exchange. On this view, they assume members’ cognitive arguments correspond to arguments produced in discussion and group influence is a function of these stable structures produced outside interaction. As part of a larger research program undertaken to evaluate PAT, this article assesses PAT assumptions about argument and argument influence. Following a review and critique of PAT, five hypotheses are advanced to test its assumptions. Results revealed little correspondence between cognitive and discussion arguments in number, content, or persuasiveness. Additionally, PAT assumptions about argument influence were not supported. Implications for PAT and for the role of communication in group decision making are discusse

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1989.tb00189.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article examines the separate and combined impact of hedges, hesitations, and intensifiers on perceptions of authoritativeness, sociability, character, and similarity, and the extent to which messages containing one or more of these language variables differs from a “prototypically” powerless message in evaluative consequences. A “prototypically” powerless message is one that contains not only hedges, hesitations, and intensifiers, but also contains polite forms and meaningless particles, such as “oh, well” and “you know.” Two studies indicated that hedges and hesitations individually affected perceptions of authoritativeness and sociability, but interactions among the variables were not found in the studies. Furthermore, only high intensifiers/low hedges/low hesitations and low intensifiers/low hedges/low hesitations messages differed significantly from the “prototypically” powerless message. The second study revealed that speaker status interacted to affect evaluative consequences. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the power of spe

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1989.tb00190.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Prior research focusing on textual features in the talk of high and low‐involved speakers has characterized the discourse strategy of low‐involved speakers as text‐based and that of high‐involved speakers as meaning‐based. This study examined the extensions of issue‐event structures by high‐involved and low‐involved participants to determine if this characterization of discourse strategies held on a pragmatic level as well. Results indicated that low‐involved communicators extended the event significantly more directly than high‐involved communicators. Furthermore, the issue extensions of low‐involved communicators were shown to be more sensitive to the comprehensibitity and information value of the stimulus utterance than the issue extensions of high‐involved communicators. The results confirm that low‐involved communicators have more difficulty than high‐involved communicators in responding to the flow of conversation and that low‐involved communicators compensate by relying on a

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1989.tb00191.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although contemporary theorists view listening as a multidimensional process, the preponderance of published empirical research on human comprehension of speeded speech is based on an outdated, unitary construct. In the present study, the impact of varying levels of time compression on three different types of listening is investigated. The results indicate that comprehensive listening performance deteriorates significantly as speech compression levels are increased while interpretive and short‐term listening performance remains stable until a high degree of time compression (60%) is reached. Explanations for these findings are advanced based upon established differences between short and long‐term memory proces

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1989.tb00192.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The outcomes of professional‐client relationships are often less satisfactory than one would expect them to be. This study suggested that professionals using client‐oriented interaction behaviors grounded in the interactional view (Reusch&Bateson, 1968; Watzlawick, Beavin,&Jackson, 1967) would be rated as more effective than those who did not. A field study of computer professionals revealed that highly rated professionals used client‐oriented communication behaviors more frequently than their counterparts who were rated lower. Moreover, the client‐oriented interactional behaviors provided substantial discrimination between high‐ and low‐performing pr

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1989.tb00193.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study attempts to trace children's acquisition of understanding of projective size (e.g., getting closer to and farther away from an object) as depicted on television through two distinctive techniques—zooming in/out and multiple edits. Unlike previous research in this area, this investigation applied aspects of cognitive processing that have been identified as untapped through gross Piagetian measures—Level 1 and Level 2 knowledge of visual perception (Pillow&Flavell, 1986). Findings suggest that children classified as “preoperational” by Piagetian standards, but possessing Level 1 knowledge of visual perception—the ability to infer what objects can or cannot be seen from another person's viewpoint—are capable of understanding the more simple form of projective size; children possessing Level 2 knowledge—the ability to infer the nature, as well as the content, of another person's visual experience—have a better comprehension of the more complex, edited presentation of projective size. Level of television consumption plays a role in children's acquisition of understanding of televis

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1989.tb00194.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY