ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1985.tb00802.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Some scholars would legalize all purely vertical resale price maintenance (RPM). They acknowledge that RPM can harm consumers when it facilitates horizontal collusion among manufacturers or dealers. But when RPM is purely vertical (i.e., when it is imposed by a manufacturer acting independently), they argue that it must be procompetitive. Recent theoretical research has shown, however, that purely vertical RPM can reduce economic efficiency. This result occurs when the higher prices and dealer services induced by RPM benefit marginal consumers but substantially reduce the welfare of intramarginal consumers, who would have preferred the product without the services at a lower price. Since these circumstances are empirically plausible, a rule of per se legality may not be appropriate. At the same time, evaluating RPM under the rule of reason might not be workable. Anticompetitive instances of the type described could be difficult to prove. These research findings, therefore, are most consistent with a rule of per se illegality for RPM, with exceptions for situations in which RPM is most likely to be pro‐competitive (e.g., new entry

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1985.tb00803.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1985.tb00804.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fair trade, also known as resale price maintenance (RPM), is a per se violation of the antitrust laws. Economic theory suggests that RPM may enhance the efficiency of distribution, but opposition to the practice remains strong. This opposition may stem from concern that RPM raises retail prices and penalizes well‐informed customers. This paper summarizes research on the motivation for RPM as well as its impact on prices. The analysis suggests that comparing prices in RPM jurisdictions with those in free‐trade areas provides little guidance on likely effects if RPM were permitted everywhere. An analysis of RPM's impact on prices is developed, and then this analysis is employed to assess RPM's welfare effects. Results of the welfare analysis are shown to depend crucially on which form of cost function is assumed for services provided by deal

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1985.tb00805.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Each of the papers in this symposium concludes with policy recommendations regarding the legality of resale price maintenance (RPM). The legal standard used to judge RPM affects the entire universe of manufacturer control over resale prices. Therefore, policy recommendations are valid only to the extent that the proffered economic theory applies to a substantial portion of that universe. My comments focus primarily on how much of the RPM universe is addressed by Marvel's (1985) explanations in “How Fair is Fair Trade?” If an economic theory, no matter how interesting academically, describes only a small minority of RPM instances, it should not form the basis for public pol

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1985.tb00806.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Resale price maintenance (RPM) has had a history similar to that of a religious war, with the legal status shifting as the various sects have had more or less influence over the courts and the political arenas. Both the RPM and anti‐RPM missionaries have overstated their cases.In theory, RPM can have both procompetitive and anticompetitive effects. Unfortunately, most of the dispute has been theoretical (theological); both sides have provided minimal empirical support for their theological conclusions. The empirical evidence, though sketchy, shows both procompetitive and anticompetitive instances of RPM. In particular, history warns that strongly organized interest groups tend to use the political process to enforce abuses of a distributional restraint that theoretically might otherwise have primarily procompetitive effects.The theoretical and empirical record does not support either per se legality or illegality for RPM in all instances. In some situations, such as for small firms in unconcentrated wholesale and retail markets and for new entrants, the probability of anticompetitive effects is negligible. In other situations, the evidentiary burden of demonstrating either the likelihood of anticompetitive effects, or of their absence, would be practically insurmountable in a litigation context. Rule‐of‐reason litigation, then, also seems to be an unwise policy choice.On balance, considering the economic, political, and legal constraints, we recommend continuing the current per se illegal standard, but with exceptions for clearly defined instances in which the probability of anticompetitive effects is mi

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1985.tb00807.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In recent years, legal U. S. immigration has approached historically high levels, and illegal immigration has been thought to be high and perhaps rising. Consequently, the Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy proposed sweeping changes in the nation's immigration laws. During 1984, both the Senate and House passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act (Simpson‐Mazzoli Bill). This bill subsequently died in the conference committee that was established to reconcile differences between the bill's two versions. The proposed act has three major provisions: (1) control of illegal immigration, (2) legalization of alienstatus, and (3) reform of legal immigration. Both the House and Senate versions would maintain the present orientation of U.S. immigration policy toward family reunification, but the Senate proposed significant changes in legal immigration restrictions that would shift policy slightly more toward labor considerations. These proposed changes were eliminated in the compromise made in the conference committee. Employer sanctions and legalization of illegal aliens were left as the two most prominent alterations to existing policy. During 1985, the 99th Congress is likely to reconsider the Simpson‐Mazzoli Bill, perhaps in a streamlined version which emphasizes employer sanctions, legalization, and a substantial increase in border enforcem

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1985.tb00808.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The pending Immigration Reform and Control Act (Simpson‐Mazzoli) would require current illegal aliens to demonstrate minimal proficiency in English or to enroll in an English language class to attain permanent‐resident status. This paper examines the importance of English language skills in the assimilation of immigrants. Data on 1975 earnings for men from 11 language /ethnic groups are used. English skills are found to play an important role in determining the earnings of immigrant and minority‐language men in the U.S. Costs of deficiencies in English are substantial for most immigrants—more than $1,000 per year for eight of the 11

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1985.tb00809.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper compares fertility levels of Mexican internal migrants with United States immigrants from Mexico, in an attempt to shed light on the issues of selection and adaptation in immigration literature. The data show that U.S. immigrants from Mexico have similar levels of fertility to those of urban‐urban migrants in Mexico. Though somewhat speculative, the analyses suggest that some fertility adaptation does take place. New directions for research which would be of a less speculative nature are discusse

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1985.tb00810.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1985.tb00811.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY