ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00827.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The accelerating United States trade deficit has again focused widespread political attention on industrial policy issues. However, given the breadth and complexity of the industrial policy issues, we can be confident that strengthening the U.S. international trade position will not be sufficient to quell concern over this area of economic policy.

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00828.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reviews some general objectives and means of implementing industrial policy, and then focuses on what seem to be the key issues. Next, various patterns and results of industrial policy experiences in Japan and several Western European countries are reviewed and contrasted with the more limited U.S. industrial policy efforts. Finally, the discussion turns to key determinants of international competitiveness and limited ways in which U.S. governmental policies could make constructive contributions.

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00829.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The idea of industrial policy is to cure perceived market failures of various sorts. This also has been the meat of development economics for decades. Moreover, strong similarities exist between the specific goals of industrial policy advocates for developed countries and goals of governments in less developed countries. Both groups seek to pick industrial winners, deal with externalities, improve the balance of trade, and attract high‐tech industries. Given that markets appear not to operate as well in developing countries as in their developed counterparts, we would expect industrial policy to work particularly well in LDCs since many important market failures should be relatively easy to identify and the gains from correcting them should be great. Moreover, because LDCs tend to intervene more than their developed counterparts, we would expect them to exhibit particularly strong effects of this intervention. Thus, the experiences of LDCs constitute a well endowed laboratory to study the effects of industrial policies in practice, and to yield lessons relevant for both industrial and developing countries. This paper explores these experiences, and closes with some lessons for the design of sensible industrial strateg

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00830.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper argues that the issues raised by the industrial policy debate are as much political as they are economic. There is every reason to believe that, without substantial reform of political institutions, efforts to administer a rational new industrial policy would soon degenerate into the type of inconsistent morass of special‐interest‐generated policies which industrial policy advocates rightfully criticize as our de facto set of industrial policies.This important political dimension has been overlooked by many industrial policy advocates. An important exception is Robert Reich, who has proposed a new centralized industrial policy agency in hopes that the battle of conflicting interests would promote greater aggregate efficiency. We argue that on theoretical grounds, however, such centralization might either increase or decrease efficiency. The competition of the military services under the Defense Department gives us a close analogue for study. Unfortunately, however, our review of efficiency in defense policy suggests that this would be a very poor model on which to base a broader industrial policy. To promote substantial increases in defense and industrial policy efficiency appears to require that much more fundamental institutional reforms be conside

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00831.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

American agriculture is suffering from severe structural adjustments and from its worst financial depression since landmark price and income policies were legislated more than half a century ago. As much as one‐third of the $220 billion in agricultural debt is now delinquent, nonaccrual, or subject to renegotiation. Land values have fallen precipitously in the past few years. Farm foreclosures are near 1930 Depression levels. The congressional debate over programs that could determine the course of U.S. agriculture for the remainder of the century began in the summer of 198

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00832.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Agricultural price and income policies operate within a framework established more than 50 years ago. This framework assumes that agriculture is dominated by “family farms,” and that the agricultural economy is relatively independent of international and other domestic economic considerations. Yet, the structure of the farm sector today differs greatly from that of 50 or even 20 years ago. The U.S. economy relies on international markets to dispose of 20 to 30 percent of U.S. agricultural output. These changes call for reorientation of U.S. farm pol

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00833.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper's objective is to analyze the etiology of the crisis confronting the farm sector and its creditors. It draws on data for the period 1950 to 1984 to argue that: (1) rising productivity of farm assets led to large increases in asset values during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s; (2) rising asset values significantly altered the incentive structure of agriculture; and (3) the resulting capital‐gains based agriculture of the postwar period motivated farmers to alter their capital structure in ways that made the current financial debacle inevitable once the income growth from assets tapered. From this basis, the paper concludes that farmers' borrowing behavior was substantially more responsible for the existing crisis than often‐cited adversities in the markets for agricultural commodities. Accordingly, a farm incomes policy cannot remedy the situation, and the current consolidation in agricultural debt—though painful—represents an unavoidable adjustment for American agri

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00834.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines three farm labor issues: (1) how mechanization affects the demand for farm labor; (2) how immigration reform affects the supply of farm workers; and (3) how 10 years of collective bargaining affect the farm labor market. The evidence suggests that mechanization, immigration reform, and collective bargaining have had or will have fewer effects on the farm labor market than is often assumed. However, the farm labor market is vulnerable to future shocks if it remains isolated from nonfarm labor markets.

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00835.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY