ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1989.tb00553.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In its broadest sense, perestroika may encompass economic reforms or restructuring, openness to criticism, and democratization. One may attribute perestroika significantly to low performance, if not failure, in the Soviet system—notably, the need to modernize and to rectify lagging growth rates. The economic content of perestroika embodies fairly radical and comprehensive changes—notably, expanding enterprise autonomy and price mechanisms, reducing the scope and intensity of centralized planning, and allowing a larger role for individual and cooperative enterprise. Soviet experience supports the view that economic and political reforms are connected.Glasnost (openness)and democratization have expanded, partly as means to foster public support for economic restructuring. Such support is crucial, due to competing factions within the Communist Party and to the Party's opposition to more radical or democratizing reforms. Mikhail Gorbachev, after rejecting both Stalinism and post‐Stalinism, has turned to pre‐Stalinist sources—the Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin, Bukharin—for intellectual inspirations. Obstacles to reforms are substantial, and one may identify several alternativ

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1989.tb00554.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The key to Soviet economic reform is competition. Cultural inertia, ideology, and vested privilege discourage competition. The attempts at reform have achieved no significant breakthrough in the state sector. In the non‐state sector the situation is more promising. To the extent that the new Law on Cooperatives is implemented, it may mark a turning point for perestroik

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1989.tb00555.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika has had its most conspicuous success in restructuring US.‐Soviet relations. The INF treaty with the United States and the talks now under way on a prospective START agreement are major developments in international arms control. But Soviet START proposals are a threat to nuclear deterrence. START reductions in strategic nuclear weapons will decrease U.S. security dangerously unless they are implemented under the vrotective umbrella of a U.S. missile defense syste

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1989.tb00556.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Some have criticized government antidiscrimination programs for causing efficiency losses both by devoting public resources to monitoring and enforcement and by distorting personnel decisions. This paper examines the efficiency consequences of such programs when discrimination is caused by a market failure and when regulators are imperfectly informed about individual firms' personnel policies.This paper outlines a simple model of “statistical discrimination” and shows that an equal opportunity rule, which constrains employers from offering different wage schedules to different groups, will improve the efficiency of this economy. Employers will attempt to evade such regulation, and the paper describes an evasion strategy in which employers search for worker “qualifications” that can act as proxies for race or sex. The paper discusses problems involved in monitoring and enforcing compliance, and considers two possible responses by the regulatory agency. The first is analogous to “disparate impact” judgments in which the type of information that employers can use in personnel decisions is regulated. The second is an affirmative action‐type policy that monitors the outcomes, rather than the process, of hiring and compensation decisions. Affirmative action policies have some advantages since they permit employers to use information more efficiently than do policies that attempt to regulate personnel decisions directly. However, affirmative action policies are likely to lead to charges of preferent

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1989.tb00557.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women to explore the careers of young women during the transitional decade of the 1970s. The paper pays particular attention to women in skilled, traditionally male occupations. Contrary to human capital theory predictions, women with high initial labor force attachment entered skilled jobs in the traditionally female sector rather than skilled jobs in the traditionally male sector. The women most likely to enter skilled male jobs were those with low initial labor force attachment who entered skilled jobs later in life. Women experienced mixed success in skilled male jobs. Those who entered skilled male jobs were less likely to make long‐term careers in these jobs than were women who entered skilled non‐male jobs. On the other hand, women who remained in skilled male jobs earned considerably more than did other women. Women's chances of remaining in skilled male jobs from year to year increased over the decade of the 1970s, suggesting that prospects for women in these jobs improved over the dec

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1989.tb00558.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY