摘要:

Kelly's concept of man is that of a scientist formulating hypotheses about the world and revising them in the light of their predictive utility. His position is one of subjective realism by which each of us interprets the world according to personal dimensions termed constructs. Establishing knowledge about how others construe the world is made possible in clinical situations by recourse to two Kellyan methods: the character sketch and the role construct repertory test. The former relies on clinical observation, the latter on statistical sophistication. This divergence in methods has led to an ideological split in the following that Kelly spawned, which need not, however, be a barrier to clinical research in this field. Although not all cognitive therapists are constructivists, they share with the latter the desire to look for core patterns underlying individual maladaptive thoughts and actions. Kelly's methods can be applied to the functional analysis favoured by cognitive behaviourists, with clinical gains resulting from the quicker access this provides to personal meaning. But cognitive psychology's schematic approach to organization is a challenge to Kelly's, which conceives of everyday experience solely in terms of the logical nature of construing. Some constraints and assumptions of Kelly's dialectical logic may be avoided by adopting a more phenomenological approach to construing.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01433.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Attentional biases were assessed with a probe detection task in anxious (N = 17), depressed (N = 17) and normal control (N = 15) subjects. Word pairs were presented visually, with a dot probe following one word of each pair. Allocation of attention to the spatial position of the words was determined from response latencies to the probes. Half the word pairs were presented supraliminally, half subliminally. The anxious and depressed groups showed an attentional bias towards supraliminal negative words, in comparison with normal controls. The depressed group unexpectedly showed greater vigilance for supraliminal anxiety‐relevant words than the anxious group. The anxious group shifted their attention towards the spatial location of negative words presented subliminally. The results support the hypothesis of an anxiety‐related bias in preconscious proces

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01434.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relation of sexual and physical abuse in childhood to subsequent depression and eating disorders was explored in a community sample of mothers and their teenage and young adult daughters respectively. It was hypothesized that age would be a moderating influence on diagnosis following abuse in that depression would be more common in the mothers and eating disorders more common in the daughters. Depression was more common in mothers than daughters, using Bedford College caseness criteria (Finlay‐Jones et al., 1980), but the difference decreased when Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC: Spitzer, Endicott&Robbins, 1978) were used. Bulimia was more common in the daughters using DSM‐III criteria. Both physical and sexual abuse were associated with chronic and recurrent depression but not with single short episodes of depression in the mothers. However, the relationship of depression to abuse showed only a weak trend in the daughter sample. Both physical and sexual abuse were related to bulimia in the daughters, but not in the mothers, as only one mother had such a disor

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01435.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

General socio‐cognitive problem‐solving deficits have become accepted as the basis for applied interventions with maladjusted children despite conflicting findings and problematic assessment procedures. This study used Kendall's deficit/distortion distinction to compare the performance of conduct disorder and non‐problem boys on means‐ends and optional thinking measures, using both quantitative and qualitative indices. Although quantitative problem/non‐problem deficits were found, the pattern of results did not support the notion of a consistent maladjustment deficit. The nature of the qualitative differences, however, suggested a more specific role for the assessment of socio‐cognitive problem solving with increased emphasis on context and problem diff

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01436.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The clinical literature on married patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa suggests a lack of intimacy in these couples. This assumption was tested by comparing the scores on the Marital Intimacy Questionnaire of 21 eating‐disordered (ED) couples with those of two matched control groups of 21 maritally distressed (MD) and 21 non‐distressed (ND) couples. The overall level of intimacy attained by ED couples is lower than that of ND couples but higher than that of MD couples. Whereas this quantitative difference may reflect the couples' differences in marital satisfaction (as assessed by the Maudsley Marital Questionnaire), an additional qualitative discrimination can be made between ED couples and the two control groups on account of the former group's relatively low level of openness and high level of intimacy probl

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01437.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between family structure and mental health was examined in a British Pakistani Muslim community. Mothers completed an inventory of psychological symptoms of depression and anxiety while a teacher rated their children's behavioural adjustment. Mothers living in extended families reported feeling more depressed and anxious than those in nuclear families; their children, however, were better adjusted. The significance and reasons for the different patterns of association between family structure and psychological well‐being for mothers and children are discusse

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01438.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between dependency and self‐criticism personality dimensions, as measured by the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), and attributions to content‐specific (affiliative, achievement) hypothetical outcome domains on the Expanded Attributional Style Questionnaire (EASQ) was examined. Dependency did not correlate with either affiliative or achievement domains, whereas self‐criticism correlated with both. Replicating previous findings there was also no evidence of differential causal assignment across the attributional dimensions. These results add to an accumulating literature suggesting that the DEQ might not be measuring two independent personality

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01439.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We gave the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test for Children (RBMT‐C) to 37 community dwelling adults with Down's syndrome. Ages ranged from 19 to 44 years (mean 29 years, SD 6 years). We wanted to know (a) if the test could be administered to this group and (b) how people with Down's syndrome compared with children aged 5 to 10 years. All subjects were able to participate in the test and all were ' off the floor'. Story recall was the hardest subtest for people with Down's syndrome, while remembering to deliver a message was the easiest. We discuss the possible use of this test in studies comparing older people with Down's syndrome with Alzheimer patient

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01440.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Findings addressing the issue of whether depressed individuals more readily recall negative than positive aspects of their past have been conflicting (Moore, Watts&Williams, 1988; Williams&Scott, 1988). A more consistent finding has been a tendency for depressed individuals to retrieve 'overgeneral' autobiographical memories (Brittlebank, Scott, Williams&Ferrier, 1993; Williams&Scott, 1988). In the current study depressed patients and non‐depressed controls were asked to generate specific memories in response to a series of positive and negative cue words. No latency bias in recalling memories to negative cues over memories to positive cues was found. However, the more consistent finding that depressed patients have difficulty generating specific memories was supporte

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01441.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01442.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY