摘要:

There are many skills and activities which in some sense can be regarded as having a memory component. I have considered only two kinds of memory ‐ memory for facts and memory for events. Drawing on the evidence of individual case studies and on selected small group studies, it is argued that qualitatively distinct and dissociable cortical systems subserve these two kinds of memory. In particular, I have argued that semantic knowledge systems are categorical in their organization and by contrast that memory for events is dependent on the operation of cognitively mediated schemata, and that the interaction of both systems is necessary for effective rememberin

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00665.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In response to recent changes in the Home Office recommendations concerning police interviewing of mentally handicapped persons, an experiment was carried out to investigate the usefulness of different interviewing techniques with mildly mentally handicapped children. Previous research carried out with children of normal intelligence (Dent&Stephenson, 1979) indicated that their recall of an incident was most accurate when unprompted. Theoretical research in the field of mental handicap suggested that such children's recall would be poorest when either unprompted or when heavily prompted, and that some form of intermediate cueing of recall may prove optimal. The experiment described here investigated the accuracy of recall of a live incident by a group of children with IQs ranging from 50 to 70 points in response to one of the following methods of elicitation: free recall, general questions and specific questions. As predicted, the general questions produced recall that was optimal in terms of completeness and accuracy.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00666.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A total of 785 individuals responded to a newspaper advertisement offering free help to cut down drinking and were sent alternately either a self‐help manual based on behavioural principles or a general information and advice booklet. Of these, 247 (31.3 per cent) returned assessment questionnaires or agreed to be interviewed by telephone and 132 of these respondents (53.4 per cent) were successfully contacted at six‐month follow‐up. Those lost to follow‐up were more ‘ socially stable’ on initial measures than those successfully contacted. Results showed a greater reduction in previous week's consumption in the group receiving the manual than in the control group. In addition, respondents interviewed by telephone showed a greater reduction on a measure of alcohol‐related problems and a higher proportion reducing drinking than those contacted only by post. There was no evidence that reductions in consumption were confined to relatively low consumers or to those showing only early signs of dependence on alcohol, irrespective of which type of material

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00667.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper looks at the effects of ‘ faking bad’ on the pattern of scores on Raven's Matrices. It was found that faking significantly reduces the rate of decay across the five series of sets on the test. The paper describes a statistical method that can be used to rate objectively the rate of decay and help detect possible faking on the Matrices. The method was found to be highly effective in discriminating between genuine and faked impairment and proved far superior to the discrepancy method recommended by Raven (1960). Cut‐off scores are provided in order to enable the clinician to apply the method to individual cases and minimize false positive and false negative e

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00668.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study concerned patients' ability to predict a ‘ normal’ response on two self‐report inventories. There has been a great deal of research on normal subjects' ability to ‘ fake good, bad, mad’ but very little study of psychiatric patients' conceptions of normality. Two groups of psychiatric patients – anxiety state or depressed – and a normal control group filled in two questionnaires twice: first responding honestly and then as they believed a normal person might. The results showed that whereas ‘ normal’ people tend to see other normals as much the same if not slightly less well adjusted than themselves, patients see themselves as less well adjusted than the ordinary person. The controls were not significantly more able to predict the normal response to these measures than the patient groups were. However, the depressed and anxious groups differed in the accuracy of their estimates and in their conceptions of n

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00669.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The self‐care performance of 126 residents of old people's homes was assessed by self‐report, informant rating and performance test. Scores on all three scales were related but associations were low and gross disagreements between measures were found in almost half of the cases. The associations between self‐report and the other two measures were significantly lower than those between informant and performance ratings. There was no evidence of systematic bias in self‐report related to cognitive or to affective impairment. It is probable that the three scales measure different aspects of dep

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00670.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A between‐groups experimental design was used to test groups of acutely ill anorectics (n= 15), former anorectic patients who had been judged recovered at discharge (n =14), psychiatric controls (n= 10) and normals (n= 24) on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). It was hypothesized that both acutely ill and recovered anorectics would show significantly greater distorted attitudes to food, eating and weight than controls, as assessed by the EAT. Results supported the hypothesis and suggest that anorectics may continue to show distorted attitudes to food, eating and weight after they have recovered from the gross physical and behavioural features of the disorder, although these attitudes appear to be somewhat less extreme than during the acute phase. It is concluded that an important aspect of anorexia nervosa appears to be largely unaltered by present treatmen

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00671.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Groups of acute schizophrenics and normal controls were presented with two tasks involving the perception of musical chords. There were no significant differences in performance due to ear of presentation (left, right or both). Taking performance over all conditions, the schizophrenic group was not significantly different from the controls on one of the two tasks although it was significantly worse on the other.These findings contrast with earlier results using a story comprehension task which suggests that the schizophrenic deficit in performance found in those studies may be specific to the processing of verbal information.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00672.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Paired associate learning performance of demented patients was assessed repeatedly over six months. Patterns of change of performance for repeated and for changing items were compared. Performance on changing items progressively declined, performance on repeated items was maintained at initial levels. This difference was significant and indicates that these patients are able to retain same information over one‐ and two‐month interv

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00673.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Nonverbal Communication and Marital Interaction.ByPatricia Noller.Psychology and Gynaecological Problems.Edited byAnnabel Broome&Louise Wallace.Crying and Babies: Helping Families Cope.ByJohn Kirkland.Cognitive Psychotherapies: Recent Developments in Theory, Research and Practice.ByMario A. Reda&Michael J. Mahoney.Foundations of Cognitive Therapy: Theoretic Methods and Practical Applications.Edited byNicholas Hoffman.Community Care and the Mentally Handicapped. Services for Mothers and their Mentally Handicapped Children.ByS. Ayer&A. Alaszewski.Theories of Schizophrenia and Psychosis: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1983.Edited byW. D. Spaulding&J. K. Cole.Aspects of Consciousness; vol. 4,Clinical Issues.Edited byR. Stevens.Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology.ByRichard M. Suinn.Handbook of Behavioral Medicine.Edited byW. Doyle Gentry.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00674.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY