摘要:

This paper reviews evidence for the effectiveness of stress management techniques in reducing three risk factors for coronary heart disease: Type A behaviour, raised serum cholesterol, and hypertension. Preliminary evidence suggests that such interventions not only reduce individual risk factors, they can also reduce mortality and morbidity to CHD. Consideration now has to be given to the most effective system of delivery of such interventions.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00843.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Do evaluations of psychotherapy sessions predict treatment outcome? Clients (n= 40) and their therapists rated each session (n= 16 per client) of their brief therapy on the Session Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ), which yields indices of session Depth (power, value) and Smoothness (comfort, safety). External raters rated tape‐recordings of half of the sessions. SEQ ratings by one of two principal therapists were strongly correlated with client improvement on self‐report measures; those of the other therapist were not. Clients' SEQ ratings did not show the expected correlations with improvement. External raters' ratings of session Smoothness were significantly correlated with client improvement on some measu

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00844.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Difficulties in the use of both filtering and pigeon‐holing strategies have been suggested as partial explanations for the information processing deficits typically noted with schizophrenic subjects. The study reported here examined the operation of both of these attentional strategies in a group of schizophrenic subjects and in a group of psychiatric control subjects. Subjects were asked to identify a target syllable in the presence of several levels of competing speech. A sensory filter could be profitably invoked when the target and the competing speech were presented to separate ears. Pigeon‐holing was assumed to facilitate performance when both the target and the competition occurred in both ***cars. Results suggested that schizophrenic subjects are relatively efficient in using filtering strategies, but have more difficulty employing pigeon‐holing strategies to allocate efficiently attentional reso

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00845.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Fear and Avoidance Scales (FAS) is an 11‐item questionnaire consisting of two subscales that measure features of agoraphobia and claustrophobia and that were demonstrated to be valid Guttman scales in a British clinical population. The purposes of the study reported here were to replicate the scale characteristics in the United States and to determine if improvement during treatment would follow the sequence predicted by the hierarchy implied in the scales. The FAS was given to 25 female agoraphobics before and after behavioural treatment. A principal components analysis replicated the agoraphobia and claustrophobia factors established in the British sample. Scalogram analyses showed that the Claustrophobia subscale of the FAS was a valid Guttman scale in the US sample whereas the Agoraphobia subscale yielded a high coefficient of reproducibility but a low coefficient of scalability. Treatment reduced the patients' fears and avoidances in the predicted sequence since for both scales the hierarchy of items remained unchanged following treatmen

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00846.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Feelings of dependency on others were measured, by different scales, in two different samples of elderly people: 33 acute in‐patients and 25 attenders at a geriatric day hospital. Findings were similar in each location. Dependent attitudes increased with the duration of patients' previous in‐patient experience, and correlated negatively with subjective well‐being but not at all with behavioural status. These results are consistent with theories which attribute low morale to feelings of dependence and this, in turn, to the experience of residential care. They are inconsistent with the view that dependence on others is a positive feature of old age. In addition, patients' subjective well‐being was completely unrelated to nurse ratings of their behavioural status, and subjective ratings by nurses correlated somewhat with patients' behavioural status but not at all with their subjective wel

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00847.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to construct and validate the prototype of a structured interview or questionnaire for use in the functional assessment of problem behaviour. A set of situation—response (S—R) questions was used to test hypotheses concerning discriminative stimuli SD, inhibitive stimuli (SI) and the function of a problem behaviour (R). The situations in S—R questions include stimuli which are expected (a) to set the occasion for, or (b) to inhibit the problem behaviour. The response part includes the problem behaviour as well as behaviour patterns with known functions. The problem behaviour is correlated with those behaviour patterns whose functions it shares. For the study of 26 children suffering from orthodontal problems due to excessive thumb sucking, a structured interview was developed and validated for identifying (a) stimuli (SD) that trigger excessive thumb sucking (problem behaviour), (b) stimuli (SI) that inhibit this response, and (c) the function of thumb su

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00848.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A large mental hospital closed in November 1986. Twenty‐eight female patients formed the first group to be transferred to a second psychiatric hospital. Patients in the receiving hospital were identified as controls. Both transfer and control groups were studied before the move and at six‐ and 12‐month follow‐ups. No differences in mortality or morbidity were found between groups, but the transferred patients increased in behavioural dependency. Within the transfer group, patients became more positive towards the move over time. Results are discussed with reference to previous studies of relocation effects on elderly

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00849.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Our aim was to investigate whether or not children's drawings of a potentially threatening topic (a Hallowe'en witch) were made significantly smaller than drawings of a non‐threatening topic (a woman). The first study confirmed an earlier claim by Craddick (1963) that drawings of a witch were made significantly smaller on the day before Hallowe'en compared to drawings made one week before or after, but we found that drawings of a non‐threatening topic (a woman) changed in size in exactly the same way. Furthermore, we found no evidence that children became significantly more frightened of witches as Hallowe'en approached. In the second study, questionnaire responses were used to allocate children into two groups, those who were scared of witches and those who were not. Scared children drew both smaller witches and larger women than did non‐scared children, with the result that relative heights of witches compared to women differed significantly between the two groups. However, only the difference in the height of the drawings of a woman was statistically significant. The implications of these results for the clinical assessment of children through their drawings are disc

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00850.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Estimation of premorbid IQ is useful for estimating true cognitive decline in dementia. The National Adult Reading Test ‐ NART (Nelson, 1982) ‐ has been shown to estimate premorbid IQ in hospital patients. NART is potentially of use in epidemiological studies. However, asking community elderly people to read a list of irregular and difficult words can cause distress. This paper explores the possibility of administering only a part of the NART. On the basis of scores on the first half of the test from an elderly rural community sample (N= 316), a regression equation has been developed to predict performance on the second half of the test. It was built using the scores of half the population free from clinical diagnoses and tested on the other half. It was also applied to a demented group and a depressed group from the same population. Total NART scores predicted in this way were highly significantly correlated with the actual NART score for all groups. Recommendations about the use of this shortened test are m

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00851.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the present study an assessment strategy was developed which adapted the Articulated Thoughts during Simulated Situations (ATSS) paradigm devised by Davison, Robins&Johnson (1983). That strategy was applied to the assessment of social anxiety. Responses of 10 socially anxious and 10 non‐anxious males were compared as they imagined themselves participating in videotaped simulations of heterosocial interactions. Each time the subject was aware of a reaction to the events depicted, he stopped the videotape, and then articulated his thoughts. Consistent with cognitive conceptualizations of social anxiety, the articulated thoughts of anxious males were distinguished by a greater focus upon the self in general and by a concentration upon irrational concerns in particular. In contrast, non‐anxious males provided larger proportions of thoughts directed towards the environment and in particular, provided more positive thoughts both about other persons and their interactions in general. The theoretical and methodological implications of the data are discus

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00852.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY