摘要:

The literature on the reduction of aggression in people with learning difficulties is reviewed. The methods of reducing aggression identified were predominantly evaluated in staffed settings and with target behaviours more frequent than once a day. This contrasts with the findings of a recent survey that found the majority of aggressive individuals to live in the community and show aggression less than once a day. It is argued that the reasons for this disparity are as follows. That it is easier to do a controlled study in staffed settings with high‐frequency aggression. That it is more difficult to do an analysis of the target behaviour if it is low frequency or if the subject is in the community; and that the methods that have been traditionally used to reduce aggression may not be effective with all subjects in all settings. It is suggested that it may be necessary to develop and evaluate a new technology for reducing aggressio

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01025.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cue exposure has been advocated as an intervention for reducing relapse rates in detoxified addicts, by extinguishing classically conditioned drug effects/craving which may have developed. Several studies with alcoholics have found cue exposure to be associated with reductions in craving, but no controlled study has yet shown such an effect in opiate addicts. The present controlled group design evaluates a protocol which draws from experience in the treatment of anxiety and requires that each stimulus exposure should be continued until within‐session habituation has occurred. It also explores whether there is any benefit of using a ‘cognitive aversion’ strategy during cue exposure, based on the social learning analysis that craving derives from expectancies of positive drug effects. A total of 21 detoxified in‐patients were randomized to routine ward treatment plus two sessions of either cue exposure (Group E) or cue exposure and cognitive aversion (Group E/CA), or to routine treatment alone (Group C). A specially designed Craving Test was carried out before and after treatment, to assess change in cue‐elicited reactions. The two treated groups showed significantly greater reductions in craving than Group C, but did not differ from each other. The cue exposure protocol has therefore been adopted for use in an ongoing clini

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01026.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The development of a test aimed at estimating premorbid intelligence is described. The test, Spot‐the‐Word, involves presenting the subject with pairs of items comprising one word and one non‐word, and requiring the subject to identify the word. Data show that performance correlates highly with verbal intelligence as estimated by Mill Hill Vocabulary score and by performance on the National Adult Reading Test (NART). Performance does not decline with age, in contrast to an associated test of verbal recognition memory. A second study attempted to test the effect of intellectual deterioration due to age on Spot‐the‐Word performance. Elderly subjects who had high vocabulary scores scored well on the Spot‐the‐Word regardless of whether fluid intelligence as measured by the AH4 test was well preserved, or was low, implying intellectual deterioration. A final study collected normative data on a sample of 224 subjects stratified by age and socio‐economic status, with each subject performing two parallel forms of the test, A and B, together with the NART. Correlation between the two forms was .884, while correlation with NART was .831 for Form A and .859 for Form B, suggesting adequate reliability and validity. It is concluded that the test provides a potentially useful additional method of estimating premorb

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01027.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

On a semantic negative priming task designed to investigate putative inhibitory mechanisms of selective attention, obsessive–compulsive disordered (OCD) subjects were distinguished from all other sub‐categories of anxiety disorder (OAD). OCD subjects failed to show any priming effects in the repetition priming condition and exhibited facilitation in the semantic priming condition (i.e. shorter reaction times to previously ignored stimuli). OAD subjects demonstrated negative priming (i.e. longer reaction times to previously ignored stimuli) in both experimental conditions. These results are interpreted in terms of reduced cognitive inhibition in OCD and the implications of this hypothesis are discussed. Parallels are also drawn with previous studies regarding the results of high schizotypes and schizophrenic subjects using negative priming ta

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01028.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Performance on the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) of 43 residents of Part III homes was compared with performance on Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices and the National Adult Reading Test (NART). Health, medication, self‐care and social activity were also measured. Results show that although Raven's score was the best predictor of memory test performance, it had a high refusal rate. Age was not a significant predictor of overall memory test score but results were complicated by age of entry into Part III, with older people performing better on some items. Medication, in particular drugs acting on the central nervous system, enhanced performance on some item

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01029.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Beck (1983) proposed that two personality dimensions, sociotropy and autonomy, represent vulnerability factors for depression. This study assesses the relations between sociotropy/autonomy (Sociotropy/Autonomy scale) and five personality dimensions, i.e. neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (NEO‐Personality Inventory). Sociotropy was related positively to neuroticism and negatively to openness to experience. Autonomy was positively associated with conscientiousnes

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01030.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01031.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Improvements in women's cancer‐screening behaviours can lead to a reduction in the incidence of breast and cervical cancer. This paper considers the utility of three social psychological models as predictors of such behaviours. Almost 400 women throughout Northern Ireland completed a questionnaire designed to measure the extent of their cancer‐screening behaviour, their health beliefs about cancer, their health locus of control and their emotional control. It was found that several components of the health belief model and of locus of control were predictors of the behaviours. The most important predictor of breast self‐examination was confidence in how to practise BSE while the most important predictor of attendance for cervical smears was lack of fear of the consequences of the investigation. The findings are discussed with reference to attempts to promote these prac

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01032.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Laser treatment is held to prevent the development of cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia, or CIN, into invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Recent work has found that such treatment represents a considerable emotional upset in the lives of many women. In this study, the impact of treatment was further investigated, using a control group to separate the effects of diagnosis from those of treatment. The main findings showed that the diagnosis of CIN is traumatic. Women experience high levels of intrusive thoughts and avoidance, and in response to perceived threats to their health, and existing beliefs about themselves, they also experience high levels of anger. An impact of treatment over and above that of diagnosis was not found. From the interview data, diagnosis has its traumatic impact through women's understanding of CIN's association with cervical cancer, a potentially life‐threatening disease. Interview data also suggest that body image and sexual relationships suffer following diagnosis because of CIN's postulated causal relationship to the sexually transmitted wart virus. Fear of the progression of CIN to cervical cancer is consistent with the medical model which provides the rationale for preventative laser treatment. It is speculated that once women are diagnosed as having CIN, the spectre of cancer is raised and their anxiety may be such that being monitored and not immediately treated may cause them great distr

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01033.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a volunteer sample of female undergraduates, concerns about eating, body weight and body shape were found to increase with the level of self‐reported dietary restraint. These concerns were greatest, however, in a subsample of subjects who were currently dieting to lose weight, and greater than in equally restrained but non‐dieting subjects. Furthermore, the dieting subjects performed less well on a demanding cognitive task than the non‐dieting subjects. These results show that it is important to distinguish between dietary restraint and actual dieting behaviour. They also highlight the need for further research to examine the effects of dieting on cognitive functi

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01034.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY