摘要:

The success of any health‐related screening programme depends primarily upon behavioural factors, namely whether people attend, and for those who do attend, the cognitive, emotional and behavioural consequences of doing so. Some of the problems now evident in screening programmes, such as low attendance or high levels of anxiety following participation are due in part to an under‐investigation of the psychological processes and outcomes critical to achieving the goals of screening programmes. These goals include high rates of informed participation and satisfactory psychological outcomes of such participation.The development of psychological models in this area may help in documenting the factors mediating and moderating responses to screening, and may suggest interventions likely to facilitate the achievement of the goals of a screening progra

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01089.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three contributions of psychology to diabetes management are considered in some detail: (a) measurement of psychological outcomes and processes, (b) optimizing blood glucose monitoring and (c) stress management. Two further applications are introduced: (d) weight management and (e) psychological treatments for sexual dysfunction. Six further applications of psychology to diabetes care are mentioned. The psychosocial, physical health and economic gains expected to result from the contributions considered are specified.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01090.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The method of comparing premorbid versus current intellectual ability has become established clinical practice in the differential diagnosis of dementia versus depression. Recently, Schlosser&Ivison (1989) suggested that the comparison of premorbid ability versus current memory function may offer a more sensitive method of assessing early dementia. In the present study, a variety of within‐subject discrepancy analyses comparing premorbid estimates with current measures of memory and intellectual functioning were compared across three groups: patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type, patients with major depression and healthy controls. The results revealed that, while mean group differences were easily demonstrated, the overlap between Alzheimer and depressed patients was large. It is concluded that none of the simple neuropsychological discrepancy analyses examined in the present study can be recommended for use in clinical practice for the differential diagnosis of dementia from major depressio

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01091.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The negative priming paradigm (Tipper, 1985) was used to investigate the relationship between ‘cognitive inhibition’ and symptoms of reality distortion in schizotypy, after previous findings that the negative priming effect is reduced in both acute schizophrenics and high schizotypes (Beech, Powell, McWilliam&Claridge, 1989; Beech, Baylis, Smithson&Claridge, 1989). Following Frith's (1979) model, which suggests that the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are due to a failure of the inhibitory processes which normally limit the contents of consciousness, it was predicted that negative priming would be inversely correlated with levels of positive symptomatology, as measured by the CSTQ (Bentall, Claridge&Slade, 1989). The results supported the hypothesis, which confirms the usefulness of a symptom‐oriented approach as well as providing some validation for the concept of schizotypy. It was concluded that high schizotypes, similarly to acute schizophrenics, show a reduction in ‘cognitive inhibition’, as was predicted by Frith's (19

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01092.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A number of studies have linked the development of substance abuse problems to a lack of purpose or meaning in life, and a few studies have demonstrated an increase in sense of life purpose through substance abuse treatment programmes. The present study extended past research by examining the relationship of purpose in life to treatment outcome assessed three months after completion of treatment. The subject sample comprised 131 people in in‐patient treatment programmes or awaiting treatment for alcoholism (in some cases in addition to other drug addictions). Consistent with previous research, the mean Purpose in Life Test (PIL) score before treatment was significantly below the normal range and the mean PIL score at the end of in‐patient treatment was within the normal range. Furthermore, the PIL score at the end of treatment was predictive of changes in intimate relationships and health at follow‐up. It was also predictive of follow‐up drinking/drug use status. However, the pattern of prediction differed in the two treatment groups. Post‐treatment PIL score was a positive predictor of improvement in a skill‐based treatment centre, and a negative predictor in a more authoritarian, confrontation‐based programme. The distinction between internally and externally derived senses of meaning is presented as one possible explanation of t

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01093.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Burgess (1991) has proposed a new index of subtest scatter for the WAIS‐R which uses a test statistic, the Mahalanobis Distance (MD). When used with the WAIS‐R, MD scores should be distributed as chi square with 11 degrees of freedom. The suitability of the MD index for UK clinical practice was assessed by examining its psychometric properties in a sample of 200 healthy subjects. The sample, which was representative of the adult UK population in terms of age, sex, and social class distribution, was administered a full‐length WAIS–R. A goodness‐of‐fit test revealed that the sample distribution of MD scores did not deviate significantly from the chi square distribution. Furthermore, the percentage of subjects exceeding the critical value for significance at the .05 level (6.5 per cent) corresponded closely to the expected percentage (i.e. 5 per cent). It is concluded that the MD index is suitable for use in UK clinical practice. Demographic characteristics were only weakly related to MD scores which simplifies clinical int

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01094.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Examples are reported of PTSD cases showing full symptomatology (intrusive imagery, avoidance behaviour, disordered arousal) in the absence of a single, acute, dramatic trauma of the kind required by the current DSM‐III‐R definition. Such trauma is thus not a necessary condition for PTSD, and other evidence shows it to be not a sufficient condition. It is suggested that the DSM‐III‐R Axis IV distinction between acute and enduring psychosocial stressors be incorporated into the definition to distinguish two pathways to stress disorder, post‐traumatic (PTSD) and prolonged duress (PDSD). Differential treatment implications of the two routes

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01095.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The psychological after‐effects on 27 survivors ofthe Marchionessriverboat disaster of 20 August 1989 are described. On measures of intrusive memories and psychological difficulties these subjects are significantly higher than population norms, and somewhat higher than psychiatric in‐patient populations. Personality measures taken after the disaster show that neuroticism scores are very much higher than population norms, but personality measures were not correlated with distr

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01096.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study was an attempt to confirm previously reported findings that persons who believe in and claim experience of the paranormal tend to score higher on various measures relevant to schizophrenia. Level of belief in the paranormal was measured in a sample of university students. As predicted, those subjects whose scores indicated higher belief in the paranormal tended to score significantly higher on the Magical Ideation Scale, the Perceptual Aberration Scale, and the combined Perceptual Aberration‐Magical Ideation (Per‐Mag) Scale. However, the correlation with the MMPI's Schizophrenia Scale was significant for males o

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01097.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01098.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY