摘要:

The present study was an attempt to examine the role of cue category level (symptom‐contingent vs. hypothesized cues) and mode of stimulus presentation (in vivovs. imaginal) in exposure (flooding) therapy. Sixty‐four speech phobics were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions. Exposed to either one of the two cue category conditions, subjects received either two sessions ofin vivoexposure, two sessions of imaginal exposure, or two sessions consisting of either an imaginal followed by anin vivoexposure or vice versa. Results support the predictions of Levis&Hare (1977) that the inclusion of hypothesized cues is not necessary in the treatment of analogue phobias or simple clinical cases. These data also support and extend several previous findings thatin vivoexposure produces more rapid anxiety decrement than imaginal exposure. Finally, a variant of the usualin vivoprocedure is described which apparently is effective, yet does not require the assemblage of a large audience for eachin vivoexpos

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00620.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Imagery and verbal aspects of schizophrenic informational performance were examined. Pictorially and verbally presented pairs of items were compared with respect to both pronounceability of their names and their real‐life sizes. Results indicated slower stimulus encoding of pictorial than verbal stimulation among the schizophrenics, especially paranoids. On the other hand, comparison of item properties appeared intact regardless of stimulus‐presentation format. Non‐paranoids made fewer errors as size judgements became more difficult, suggesting protection against erroneously stating the presence of stimulus properties. Scores from a questionnaire directed toward habitual use of imagery and verbal processes indicated significantly greater preference for the latter among para

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00621.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous surveys of dental care have shown that a substantial proportion of people do not attend dentists regularly. Reasons given for such non‐attendance included fear as well as other negative attitudes. Recent studies have attributed fear of dentistry to painful traumatic experiences.The purpose of this study was to compare regular and irregular or non‐attenders for dental check‐ups on a number of variables, including sex and age, self and family dental anxiety, and previous dental experience. A sample of 531 subjects of both sexes and ranging in age from 16 to 78 years was made available by two large organizations in London and surveyed during office hours. Dental anxiety appeared as a significant factor in non‐attendance but there was little support for a simple conditioning hypothesis to explain dental anxiety. Attenders and non‐attenders differed markedly in their perception of dentists but there was no difference between the groups as to se

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00622.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A controlled study of a group of patients with severe migraine revealed that they gave a consistently poorer performance on a series of memory and information‐processing tests (12 subtests in all). Migraine sufferers were also found to differ from controls significantly on the anxiety, obsessionality and somatic scales of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire, although it was considered unlikely that the differences in cognitive performance could be explained by these result

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00623.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Schizophrenics have been shown to manifest a significant deficit in identifying facial expressions of emotion. The present study sought to determine whether this deficit lay at the level of decoding facial cues of emotion, or whether it is specific to the process of labelling emotional faces. The latter specific deficit would be consistent with the hypothesis of left‐hemisphere dysfunction in schizophrenia. Samples of schizophrenics, patients with affective disorders and normal controls were tested on a battery of facial tasks that had previously been shown to be capable of distinguishing between patients with left‐ and right‐hemisphere lesions. The battery was comprised of four tests: facial discrimination, emotion discrimination, emotion labelling, and a multiple choice emotion task. The performance of affective patients fell midway between that of schizophrenics and normals on all the tasks. Schizophrenics performed significantly below normals on all but the facial discrimination task, and below affective patients on the emotion labelling task. There were no other significant group differences in performance. The performance pattern manifested by schizophrenics across the four tasks is not comparable to that shown by patients with unilateral brain damage. These results indicate that previously reported emotion identification deficits in schizophrenia were not solely a function of the labelling requirements of the tasks. Instead it appears that schizophrenics, although capable of deciphering facial cues of identity, are impaired in the ability to extract salient emotional cues from

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00624.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A survey was conducted of the eating habits and attitudes of a sample of young adult women. Each woman was asked whether she considered herself to have an eating problem. The sample comprised 369 attenders at a family planning clinic. Self‐report assessment procedures were used, including the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Eating problems were reported by 20·6 per cent of the sample. Factors which strongly discriminated between those with an eating problem and the remainder were binge eating and a high score on the EAT. Other important factors were laxative use and high levels of psychological morbidity. Self‐induced vomiting was only weakly associated with reporting an eating problem, and past and present weight were unrelated to such rep

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00625.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A measure of verbal fluency was derived from groups of patients with focal lesions and dementia and from normal control subjects. A regression equation was also derived to predict fluency from an index of verbal intelligence. Subjects with right or left frontal lesions and those with dementia had depressed fluency scores. When verbal intelligence was taken into account using the regression equation, fluency still remained depressed in subjects with frontal lesions, but for dements the obtained fluency score was similar to that predicted from the measure of verbal intelligence. The results suggest that impaired fluency is a specific phenomenon following frontal lesions but is merely a consequence of intellectual deterioration in dementia.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00626.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Session Evaluation Questionnaire measures two dimensions of participants' perceptions of psychotherapy sessions,depthandsmoothness, and two dimensions of post‐session mood,positivityandarousal.In ratings by therapists and in ratings by clients, the same dimensions were identified as underlying variation across sessions and variation across clients. Thus these ‘impact’ dimensions can be used for session‐level comparisons with process variables and for client‐level comparisons with outcome variables, possibly permitting two‐stage inferences from process to impact

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00627.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Beck's cognitive model of depression suggests that negative cognitions can maintain depression. Thus reducing the frequency of negative cognitions should reduce depression. Consistent with this proposition, in low endogenous patients with primary major depressive disorder, distraction produced fewer depressing thoughts than the control procedure, with corresponding differences in self‐report and psychomotor measure

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00628.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Reported cognitive difficulties in a sample of unemployed men are described. Problems of slowing down and concentration were the most common. Longer duration since job loss was found to be associated with greater cognitive difficulties, and middle‐aged unemployed men were particularly likely to report problem

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00629.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY