摘要:

Oil displacement by injection of brines (the waterflood process) entails the surface processing of large quantities of saline waters, creating the potential for pollution of surface waters and shallow freshwater aquifers. Improved waterflooding techniques involve the introduction of surface active agents (detergents), caustics, and organic polymer compounds (particularly polyacrylamide), thus increasing the potential for pollution. It is increased further by the micellar-polymer process, since the micellar solution is a mixture of surfactant, oil, water, and a cosurfactant (usually an alcohol). Enhancement of oil production by thermal methods adds another dimension to the environmental hazards through air pollution from steam generators and the produced fluids. Other field operations, such as drilling and renovation of wells, create local environmental hazards, but these are becoming regional concerns as the search for new oil and the reactivation of old oil fields accelerates. This paper presents the potential pollution hazards of the enhanced oil-recovery processes and the environmental surveillance program being instituted by the Department of Energy (DOE).

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317908908062

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study examines the extent to which trees could supply domestic U.S. energy consumption if this energy source were needed. Without crop management annual tree growth would perhaps yield 10° of the current energy consumption. In contrast, whole tree utilization, fertilization, site improvement, and genetic improvements might reasonably raise yields to the point that up to 50° of the total energy supply could be provided from tree growth. Setting aside environmental and aesthetic impacts, the estimated costs for delivered wood chips are between 0.52¢ per thousand kilo-calories ($1.30 per million Btu) at a 5° discount rate and 0.91 ¢ per thousand kilocalories ($2.30 per million Btu) at a 10° discount rate. These costs, although highly tentative, are in agreement with other estimates for wood chips. Because these costs do not include conversion into liquid or gaseous fuels, intensively grown tree crops seem more expensive than current fossil fuels but may impose relatively minor cost penalties when or if it becomes necessary to rely on them.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317908908063

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Residual oil saturation (ROS), a key factor in the planning of tertiary recovery projects, can be determined on the basis of reservoir engineering concepts, core data, single-well tracer tests, and specialized geophysical well-logging techniques. Uncertainty limits of conventional logging techniques are not too promising. However, several log-inject-log techniques using multiple repeat logging runs will determine residual oil saturation within the range of ROS ± (≤ 5 saturation percent). Engineered planning of both logging and injection procedures is a prerequisite for reliable log-derived ROS estimates.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317908908064

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper presents technical and economic analyses of coal-gasification processes to manufacture medium-heating-value gas and synthetic natural gas (SNG) from two commercially available processes: Koppers-Totzek and Lurgj. The plants were designed for a capacity of 30 × 109Btu/day.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317908908065

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Swelling of clays in reservoir rocks (formation damage) is of utmost importance to petroleum engineers. Various inorganic and organic chemicals can be used to prevent swelling of clays. Design and operation of a simple apparatus for measuring the swelling of clays (a ‘swellmeter’) using various chemical solutions are presented in this paper.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317908908066

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor