摘要:

Self‐categorization theory hypothesizes that group polarization arises from an intragroup process of conformity to apolarizedin‐group norm, i.e. a norm more extreme than the mean of members' initial opinions but in the same direction. It argues that the in‐group norm is embodied in the prototypical response of members, which is not necessarily their average position. Polarization occurs when the prototype is more extreme than the mean in the same direction and when mutual influence leads members to conform to the norm. Convergence on the mean occurs when the prototype coincides with the mean position. Whether the prototype and the mean coincide or differ depends on whether group responses are moderate or extreme in terms of the comparative social context. A computer simulation (Study 1,N= 1000 groups) and two semi‐naturalistic group discussion studies (Studies 2 and 3,Ns= 32 and 44 groups respectively over five items) were conducted to test this analysis. All three studies found significant correlational support for the hypothesis (H1) that in‐group prototypes become more polarized as the group becomes more extreme in the social context and Studies 2 and 3 also found a significant empirical correlation (H2) between polarization and the extent to which group members conformed to a polarized

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00952.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article deals with three experiments which revealed a special gazing pattern at the end of a speaker's turn in three‐person groups. This gazing pattern appears to perform a definite function with regard to turn taking. In the first experiment a fine‐grained, etho‐logically oriented description was obtained of the non‐verbal behaviour of 120 adult male subjects who participated in triadic discussion groups. Using sequential analysis, distinctive non‐verbal behaviour patterns were found. In addition we looked for differences between the non‐verbal behaviour of subjects who were the emergent leaders in their group and subjects who had the lowest position of influence. One of the most interesting differences is that leaders were more likely to show a ‘prolonged gaze’ pattern at the end of an utterance, as if inviting someone else to take the floor. In the second experiment the ‘prolonged gaze’ was defined more precisely. In this experiment the position of influence of 30 male subjects was manipulated by assigning roles in three‐person groups. It appeared that appointed leaders were more likely to show the ‘prolonged gaze’ pattern than persons who were not appointed leaders. In the third experiment the behaviour of 23 triads engaged in free discussions was registered. In order to obtain more general results both male and female groups were used. The ‘prolonged gaze’ was constructed from its observed component parts by a computer. Floor switches during three hours of triadic discussions showed that the person who displayed a ‘prolonged gaze’ would yield the floor, and that the receiver of the gaze was the most likely to take the floor. Therefore, the ‘prolonged gaze’ can be considered as a po

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00953.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The affective component of group cohesiveness is reconceptualized in terms of a distinct group‐based form of attraction: social attraction. It is hypothesized, from self‐categorization theory, that under conditions of self‐conception based on social as opposed to personal identity the basis and structure of attraction within a group becomes depersonalized in terms of the group prototype. Four‐person single‐sex groups made autokinetic judgements under conditions designed to accentuate individuality (low salience) or group membership (high salience). Females behaved as predicted. They manifested depersonalized attraction associated with self‐categorization in group terms, indicated by greater convergence on the group norm in the high salience condition. For males depersonalized attraction occurred in the low salience condition and was linked to convergence on some, not all, measures. The results are discussed in terms of subjective uncertainty, which was abnormally and inexplicably high among low salience male groups, and differences between this and an earlier naturalistic study by Hogg&Hardie (1991). In the light of this discussion it is concluded that the data for both sexes conform to a self‐categorization analysis of soci

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00954.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A randomization procedure was used to examine local and global aspects of patterning in the conversations of 25 pairs of students. This procedure involved reorganizing the binary events constituting the partners' individual records, and then combining these events to produce randomized dyadic records of each conversation. Comparisons between the observed and randomized records indicated an overall tendency in all dyads to avoid covocalization (simultaneous talk). Notwithstanding this overall tendency, there were gender‐related differences between groups; dyads containing female participants tended to covocalize more frequently, and for longer durations, than male—male dyads. There was also a tendency for participants to respond promptly to the talk of their partners. We interpret these results as indicating that systematic variation in the use of covocalization may occur at local levels within the constraints set by information‐processing requirements at global l

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00955.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Despite the popularity of the concept of psychological equity as a principle of distributive justice, attempts to accommodate the assumptions of equity theorists within an algebraic formula have been the source of much controversy. In this article shortcomings with existing formulae are discussed, and a ratio equity formula is proposed, together with a supporting rationale. The formula describes ‘perfect equity’ such that it is possible to describe with some precision ‘degrees of inequity’, and a reanalysis of previous empirical data from Harris (1980) is presented as evidence for the practical utility of this

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00956.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00957.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY