摘要:

Edward O. Wilson (1975) proposed to makesociobiologythe core of a ‘new synthesis’ for the study of social behaviour. In general this project has met with either indifference or hostility from students of human nature and society working within the established disciplines, despite theprima facieattractions of developing a genuinely interdisciplinary biosocial science of the person, as both organism and agent.In an attempt to show that there is no fundamental incompatibility between sociobiology and disciplines such as psychology, the essential features of sociobiological theory are outlined, focusing on the concept of ‘inclusive fitness’ and its implications for an understanding of human altruism. It is argued that accounts of the psychological bases of altruism need not be incompatible with sociobiological analyses; and that our most typical forms of behavioural altruism may well involve motivational systems which do normally operate to serve adaptive functions for the individual, even if these can sometimes be overridden. In principle, sociobiological and psychological analyses of human altruism can be developed in parallel, with each providing a useful corrective for the excesses of the other, and stimulating more productive theorizing and more effective empirical r

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1983.tb00559.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this study was to distinguish the effects of group size and density in a lengthy and non‐structured social situation. Social interaction was monitored during the experimental session and perceptions of crowding and negative attitudinal reactions were assessed following it. Significant effects of crowding and density on negative responses occurred only for the end of the experiment, and there was evidence that density had an effect on these reactions beyond that mediated by crowding. In general, the greatest amount of social activity was found in the low density–small group situation, the least in the low density–large group situation, and moderate amounts in the two high density situations. The results support Altman's (1975) conception of crowding as a discrepancy between achieved and desired levels of social intera

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1983.tb00560.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The investigation considers the relationship between pre‐emptive behaviour in the mixed‐motive experimental game known as Leader, and the emergence of leadership roles in small groups. Forty male and 45 female subjects each played 100 trials of the Leader game against a non‐contingent other, before subsequently interacting in five‐person, sexually homogeneous groups engaged upon a number of mixed‐motive tasks. A relationship was established between pre‐emptive play in the game situation and nominations for leadership roles in the groups. Specifically, male task leaders were characterized by low levels of pre‐emption and female task leaders by high rates of pre‐emption.The results are interpreted within the context of differential structuring in male and female groups, with a more authoritarian rigidly defined role system in the former case. The investigation points not only to the potential usefulness of game pre‐emption as a leadership measure, but also to the links between behaviour in laboratory games and other less strictly controlled int

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1983.tb00561.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study failed to replicate the findings of Mayoet al.(1978), that individuals' astrological Sun signs are associated with extraversion and neuroticism scores on the EPI. These negative findings could have been due to the controls employed here for the subjects' belief in astrology and for subject self‐selection. Additional controls for the effects of knowledge of Sun sign on self‐reports revealed that the zodiacal locations of the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars are also not associated with reported extraversion and neurotic

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1983.tb00562.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study was designed to determine whether or not equity considerations are important in dating couples' most intimate of relationships—their sexual relations. To answer this question, we interviewed 189 college men and women. We proposed: Men and women who feel their relationships are equitable (1) should be more content, and (2) should have more satisfying sexual relations than those who feel either overbenefited or underbenefited. We found strong support for the first hypothesis and some, far weaker support, for the second hypothesi

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1983.tb00563.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The reported study re‐examined the importance of consensus, consistency and distinctiveness in Kelley's attribution theory. The source of consensus was specified by basing this information on others of the same sex category as the actor, and effects of personal and non‐personal stimuli were also investigated to extend McArthur's classic study. Subjects completed a 16‐item questionnaire in which they were asked to attribute an effect to person, stimulus, circumstance or ‘combination’ causes. The three information variables each significantly affected causal attribution, and consistency accounted for the largest percentage of the total variance. However, consensus information was a much more important determinant of attributions to person and stimulus than has previously been found. These differences were explained in terms of generalization gradients within people and acro

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1983.tb00564.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Several researchers have commented on a trend towards analysing separately the positional and personal components of authority in group behaviour. Analyses of authority have left unresolved the question of personal authority effecting changes in the positional authority of group leaders. The aim of this study was to simulate positional and personal authority in a small‐group environment and investigate the influence of personal authority on positional authority as perceived by group members. The result was an increased support rate for the positional authority when a personal authority was present in the group. This finding was discussed in terms of Machiavelli's observations of power relations, Allport's structurogenic theory and power theories in the social psychological literatur

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1983.tb00565.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1983.tb00566.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1983.tb00567.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1983.tb00568.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY