ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01044.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Controlling the AIDs epidemic may depend largely upon health education aimed at adolescents. A number of approaches have been applied to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preventive behaviour in adolescents, including the health belief model (Becker, 1974), protection motivation theory (Rogers, 1983), and the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1985, 1991). Since sexual behaviour is heavily influenced by emotions, a possible shortcoming of these models is that little attention is given to affective processes. In this study we investigated the role of anticipated, post‐behavioural, affective reactions to (un)safe sexual behaviours in the context of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The results showed that anticipated affective reactions such as worry and regret predicted behavioural expectations over and above the components of the TPB. The implications for our understanding of adolescent sexual behaviour and for campaigns aimed at the reduction of risky sexual practices will be discusse

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01045.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A questionnaire concerning attitudes towards skin cancer, sun exposure and general environmental issues was administered to 132 holiday‐makers on a beach in south‐west England and (in translation) to 142 visitors to another beach in north‐west Italy. Following the Janis&Mann (1977) classification of strategies for coping with decision conflicts, subscales were derived measuring tendencies to ‘avoid’ thinking about environmental issues, to ‘bolster’ prior attitudes (by playing down the seriousness of the risk of skin cancer while attending to the pleasures of sunbathing), and to be ‘vigilant’ concerning risk information and the need for specific protective behaviour (e.g. sunscreen use). The British scored higher than the Italians, and women higher than men, on vigilance, but there were no gender or nationality differences on the other subscales considered as a whole. Responses were also related to the covariates of age and self‐reported vulnerability to sunburn. Those who showed less concern with environmental issues also tended to play down the risks of skin cancer and be less vigilant with regard to self‐protection. It is suggested that health promotion should address both cultural norms concerning exposure to the sun and people's intuitive notions about their relative p

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01046.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two analyses of patient delay in seeking a medical diagnosis are considered. In the first, a model of delay is presented. Specifically, delay is comprised of four stages (appraisal, illness, behavioural and scheduling delay intervals), each governed by a conceptually distinct set of decisional and appraisal processes beginning with the initial day that an unexplained symptom is detected to the day the individual appears before a physician. The second analysis is a social psychological one of the attributions individuals draw when relating their symptoms to their expectations and knowledge about physiological bodily processes. The eight principles of Psychophysiological Comparison Theory (PCT) provide the basis for clarifying the psychological processes of symptom interpretation and appraisal. Two studies were conducted with women seeking diagnostic evaluations for prevalent cancers: breast or gynaecological tumours. Regarding the delay model, results indicated that the delay intervals were independent (i.e. uncorrelated). Also, appraisal delay constituted the majority (at least 60 per cent) of the total delay. In the test of PCT, support was found across measures of symptoms, the context in which the symptoms arose, and the inferences people made about the symptoms.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01047.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The role of social comparison in mediating the relation between ‘objective’ health status and subjective health evaluations was examined. In a random population sample (N= 361) it was shown that health problems were related to psychological distress, which in turn induced a downward comparison process. This downward comparison resulted in a perception of being better off than others in a similar situation (relative evaluation). While both health problems and psychological distress had strong direct effects on general health evaluations, relative evaluations explained further significant variance. In addition, it was found that although women reported more psychological and physical problems than men, they engaged more often in downward comparison and consistently felt more than men did that their health was better than that of most others. No gender differences in general health evaluations were found. Interestingly, social comparison had a stronger impact on the general subjective well‐being of women than o

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01048.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We use the stigma of illness as a model for uncovering which dimensions of stigmas are critical for causing social rejection. Subjects responded to ‘medical case histories’ representing 66 illnesses, rating the illness on a variety of dimensions (e.g. contagious/not contagious, common/rare), and a measure of social rejection. Regression analysis revealed that two dimensions predicted rejection: the severity of the illness, and whether the illness was behaviourally caused (multipleR= .68). In a second experiment, subjects responded to a case history of a fictitious disease that was either mild or severe, and was either behaviourally caused or not. Behavioural causality and severity emerged as reliable, independent sources of rejection. Diseases perceived to be severe or under personal control are most likely to lead to social reject

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01049.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous research on women has focused on the influence of the overall work‐ or family‐role experiences rather than on the specific characteristics of each role. Using multi‐dimensional measures of work‐ and family‐role experiences, this study first examined (Time 1) the additive cumulative contributions of role experiences in the prediction of women's well‐being (happiness and symptoms of psychological distress). While work overload significantly predicted distress at Time 2, none of the family‐role variables were related to well‐being. Second, as the sample was made up of two groups of women who differed in occupational status (secretaries and professional women), it was possible that the effects of overload on distress might be conditioned by occupational status. The group X overload interaction term was found to be highly significant (p<.007); high occupational status moderated the negative effects of work overload. By contrast, secretaries were adversely affected by work overload. These results are discussed in relation to the existing literature, with reference to women's work and family roles in relation to well‐being, and the effects of occupational status o

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01050.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper studies the interrelationships between the coping behaviours of cancer patients and perceived amount and adequacy of family support, as well as the issue of how these predict psychosocial adjustment to cancer. Based on questionnaire data from a sample of 169 patients with cancers of various sites, three questions were considered in detail: (1) How might cognitive and behavioural modes of coping with cancer affect perceptions of support provided by one's family in terms of the amount as well as adequacy of various supportive acts? (2) Are coping modes to be considered when explaining inter‐individual differences in perceived support adequacy, or can these differences be reduced to differences in amount of support? (3) Can distinct patterns of family support and coping preferences be identified and, if so, how do these patterns differ in indicators of psychosocial adjustment to cancer? Results suggest that cognitive strategies of coping may be more effective in ‘mobilizing’ family support than behavioural strategies. Moreover, the perceived adequacy of various support modes proves to be influenced by cognitive coping preferences independent of perceived amount of support. Finally, results from cluster analyses point to a particular coping‐support pattern identified as ‘highly risky’. This pattern is characterized by generalized support deficits, strong tendencies towards rumination, and weak tendencies towards minimizing disease‐related threat. The findings are discussed from an interactional perspective on support processes and with regard to implications for psychological intervention in ca

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01051.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY