摘要:

Children's self‐esteem, anxiety, interpersonal competence and hostility were assessed from 2699 high school children, their teachers and their parents in eight communities— Canberra, Brisbane, Winnipeg, Phoenix, Berlin, Hong Kong, Taipei and Osaka. Also, family harmony, parental nurturance, protectiveness and punitiveness were assessed from the children and their parents. The hypotheses that children's self‐esteem and low anxiety are associated with familial harmony and parental nurturance, poor interpersonal competence with parental protectiveness, and children's hostility with parental punitiveness were generally confirmed in all samples when the same person (child or parent) reported both independent and dependent variables. Cross‐source correlations were substantially lower, however (though often significant when averaged over cultures), suggesting that there was considerable contamination of perspective in the same‐source correlations. Children's views of the family appeared to be the more valid, on the basis of correlations with their personality characteristics, independently assessed. There was general uniformity over cultures in magnitudes of the correlations, whether based on the same or different sources of

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00919.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The five studies reported here assessed the relation of the arousal of happiness in a given situation and the congruence between a person's self‐perception in that event (working self) and his/her ideal self. They assessed subjects' ideal selves, their working selves in particular events, and the intensity of the happiness they felt in those events. In addition, they assessed subjects' habitual self‐concept and their ought self in order to test alternative hypotheses. The findings of the five studies supported our hypothesis that the short‐lived state of happiness reflects the situational validation of the ideal self. They demonstrated that happiness in a given event increased with the congruence between the ideal self and the working self in that event. This relation was obtained whether the events were past, current, or hypothetical, and via the use of different assessment techniques. The discussion focused on the conceptualization of the short‐lived state of ha

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00920.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A questionnaire study (N= 318) examined social judgements of sexually active males and females on positive and negative evaluative dimensions, as a function of the perceiver's gender, and the linguistic frame of judgement. This frame was manipulated by requiring respondents to rate themselves on a number of descriptive dimensions which evaluatively favoured either a ‘liberal’ or a ‘conservative’ approach to sex and personal relationships, before making their judgements. Female targets were rated more negatively than males on both evaluative dimensions. There were also significant interactions between the framing manipulation and both subject and target gender for the evaluatively positive measure. There was some evidence of females being perceived more positively in the liberal than the conservative frame and within the conservative frame they were judged less positively than male targets. Male subjects tended to rate targets more positively in the liberal frame whereas females did not. Judgements of blame and personal responsibility in the context of AIDS were examined as a function of the independent variables and also revealed gender differences. These factors, and particularly the importance of language in framing the context of self‐perception and social judgement, are

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00921.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Social identity theory assigns self‐esteem a central motivational role in intergroup discrimination. There are two corollaries: (1) successful discrimination elevates self‐esteem, and (2) depressed self‐esteem motivates discrimination. Previous research yields contradictory findings which may partly be attributable to failure to conduct appropriate tests of the hypotheses. The present experiment tests both corollaries under conditions designed to overcome some of these limitations. Social categorization and prior transitory self‐esteem were manipulated in a 2 (group/individual) x 2 (success/failure) minimal group study. Additional control subjects run simultaneously with experimental subjects provided pre‐test self‐esteem measures to compare with experimental subjects' post‐test self‐esteem. Corollary 2 was upheld: lower self‐esteem subjects who were explicitly categorized discriminated significantly more than subjects in other conditions. Corollary 1 was not upheld: greater discrimination was not associated with higher post‐test or greater increase in self‐esteem. Some implications of these findings for the self‐esteem hypothesis in social identi

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00922.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The existence of domain‐specific ethnic stereotypes and their subsequent effect on social distance towards minority groups is examined in a survey of 208 Dutch secondary school students. Social distance and 13 trait attributions towards five different ethnic groups were measured in four basic social domains: as neighbours, colleagues, classmates and (marital) partners. The first hypothesis was that domain‐specific ethnic stereotypes exist. The second hypothesis was that different models are needed to describe the relation between stereotypes and social distance in different domains. It was found that domain‐specific ethnic stereotypes exist and predict social distance in the concomitant domains fairly

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00923.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An experiment is presented which tested the hypothesis that people would provide different causal explanations for an occurrence depending on the ‘causal background’ against which the occurrence is considered. Results indicated that in devising an explanation for an occurrence, people might compare the target episode to contrasting background instances in which the episode did not occur. Data supported the hypothesis that distinctive features between the target episode and the contrasting background instances form the basis of people's causal explanations. The experiment also examined the hypothesis that background effects might be more difficult to produce when subjects are asked to select possible causal explanations from a list vs. providing explanations of their own. However, results indicated no significant effect for response mode on the production of background effects in causal explanati

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00924.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00925.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Causal Attribution: From Cognitive Processes to Collective Beliefs.ByM. HewstoneAttribution.ByG. Weary, M. A. Stanley and J. H. Harvey

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00926.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00927.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY