ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00653.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The role of person prototypes in impression formation was examined in two studies. In the first study, free‐response descriptions of naturally occurring person prototypes were subjected to an Individual Differences Multidimensional Scaling (INDSCAL) analysis in order to create a quantified prototype taxonomy. Results showed that three dimensions (academic performance, sociability and radicalism) defined the prototype space. These results were related to research on implicit theories of personality, and the structural properties of naturally used person categories are discussed. In study 2, subjects were asked to remember, predict and form impressions about composite characters who were either consistent or inconsistent with a prototype, and had either high or low cultural salience within the subjects' subculture. Results showed a significant interaction between prototype consistency and cultural salience cues, suggesting that ‘schema’ models of information processing best account for how we form impressions about culturally salient characters, but ‘depth‐of‐processing’ models better approximate judgements of low culturally salient characters. These results are contrasted with findings from earlier studies and it is suggested that (a) the collection and quantification of natural, middle‐level person prototypes is essential in studies of impression formation, and (b) cultural variables, such as values and normative salience, interact with cognitive variables, such as prototypicality, in determining which of several alternative information‐processing strategies are used in forming impressions about a particu

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00654.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00655.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between demographic variables (age, sex, education, vote and income), psychological beliefs (alienation, Protestant work ethic and Conservatism) and social security attitudes. Over 250 people from a variety of different backgrounds completed a number of standardized questionnaires. A factor analysis of the attitudes to social security scale revealed four clearly interpretable factors, which were later computed in four subscale scores. Analysis of variance showed that vote. Protestant work ethic, and Conservative beliefs most differentiated subjects' attitudes to social welfare. A canonical correlational analysis revealed three significant variates which showed age. alienation and the Protestant work ethic most closely related to social security attitudes. These results were discussed in terms of previous literature in this area and various social policy implications are considered.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00656.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an experiment utilizing a message‐modified Prisoner's Dilemma game the first impressions of a source of non‐contingent promises were manipulated to be either good‐impotent or bad‐potent. The source was either 100 or 0 per cent reliable in fulfilling his promises and the instructions were either individualistic or competitive. The results showed that initial trust by subjects was affected by both first impressions and the source's reliability. However, subjects displayed the most overall trust when they perceived the promiser as good and impotent. On non‐message trials subjects were more cooperative when a good‐impotent impression conflicted with competitive i

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00657.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an experiment designed to test the attributional reformulation of learned helplessness theory, the relationship between subjects' attributions for failure on an experimental task and their subsequent performance on a test task was investigated. Following debriefing, in which an external and specific cause of the original failure was supplied, it was expected that the greatest improvement in performance would be shown by subjects who had made internal and global attributions for failure. The results indicated that attributions for failure along the global/specific dimension predicted generalization of helplessness to the test task and that debriefing selectively aided subjects making internal/stable and internal/global attributions. The importance of these results for attribution therapies is discussed.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00658.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

For almost all crimes, the appearance and behaviour of the victim are legally irrelevant to a defendant's guilt or innocence. However, there is evidence that such extralegal victim characteristics can influence juror behaviour. This paper reports an experimental juror simulation which examined the effects on mock jurors' verdicts of three victim characteristics—facial disfigurement, precautiousness and physical attractiveness. Subjects were drawn from student populations in both the US and the UK. Under most experimental conditions, the defendant was less likely to be convicted when the victim took every reasonable precaution to avoid the crime than when the victim took no such precautions. The opposite effect resulted when the victim was both physically unattractive and facially disfigured prior to the crime. These results were interpreted in terms of Lerner's just world theory and the principle of comparative negligence. The degree of harm done to the victim was implicated as a key mediator of victim characteristic effects. The effects on verdicts were also related to subjects' verdict criteria (standards of reasonable doubt) and their perceived costs of committing the ‘Type II’ juridic error (i.e. acquitting a guilty defendant). Although several cross‐cultural differences were obtained, the effects of the victim characteristics on subjects' verdicts were identical for the British and American

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00659.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a cross‐cultural study of the Asch effect, the present study found contemporary British and US university students did not differ significantly in their responses to unanimous peer‐group opinion. While the number of obtained error responses was significantly less that those reported by Asch (1951, 1952, 1956), it was also significantly greater than zero. It is suggested that, although the Asch effect has weakened over the past 30 years, it remains an observable minority behaviour: that is, there is still an identifiable small set of university students who will conform to group pressure in the Asch situat

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00660.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the level of intergroup discrimination between minimal groups depends on the amount of attention that subjects are able to pay to the intergroup distinction. This hypothesis was only partly supported. Subjects who were encouraged to attend to group membership (enhanced condition) showed greater in‐group favouritism on some measures than did those in standard and distracted conditions, respectively. Enhanced condition subjects were also slightly more consistent in their intergroup allocation of points than were subjects in the other conditions. Individual differences in self‐attention and conformity only affected self‐reported behaviour and some affective measures, but did not influence point allocations. The results are discussed in terms of task, motivation, salience and atte

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00661.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00662.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY