摘要:

This study focuses on two problems of cancer patients: uncertainty and anxiety. The significance of fellow‐patients in coping with uncertainty and anxiety was studied by means of a questionnaire which was completed by 418 patients. The results show that patients who experienceuncertaintyprefer to address themselves to experts for information. The need for social comparison with fellow‐patients increases as information available from experts diminishes. For social comparison patients prefer fellow‐patients perceived as equals because they are perceived as most informative. Furthermore, it appears that patients who perceive others as instrumental in reducing uncertainty show a greater need for social comparison as uncertainty increases. Fellow‐patients are generally perceived as more informative as more uncertainty is experienced. With increasinganxietythe significance of fellow‐patients for evaluation of this anxiety proves to increase. Only at a very high level of anxiety does this significance diminish greatly, presumably because the interaction has negative affective con

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00695.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00696.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Social identity theory predicts an interdependence between the relative evaluation of a person's in‐group, his or her social identity, and the degree of his or her in‐group‐out‐group differentiation. Three hypotheses were tested in an experiment that extended the original minimal group paradigm to one further out‐group as a second comparison group. The results show that an experimental devaluation of the in‐group in comparison to a first out‐group: (a) led to a more negative evaluation of those areas of the self which are substantially connected to the dimension on which the intergroup comparison took place (hypothesis 1); (b) did not result in a higher mean devaluation score for the second out‐group, which is inconsistent with hypothesis 2a; and (c) made the comparison dimension less important to the in‐group, thereby supporting hypothesis 2b. In an internal analysis, self‐evaluation in those aspects which relate to the intergroup comparison proved to be negatively correlated with the devaluation of the second out‐group. Hypothesis 3 proposed that self‐esteem would increase following devaluation of the second out‐group. The data pattern with respect to this prediction sho

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00697.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Tajfel (1981) has argued that his concept of the group‐derived social identity is best thought of as an ‘intervening causal mechanism’ operating in diverse social situations. The rationale for this ‘dynamic’ approach is that invariant conditions are unlikely in intergroup social relations while the way in which these relationships are perceived is even less likely to be static. The implication is that individuals may vary in terms of their social identity from one setting to another. This study examined the effects of situations on the salience of ethnopolitical social identities in Northern Ireland. Following pilot work, the results of a questionnaire listing 36 common situations revealed four situation types—Irish, British, Anglo‐Irish and ‘The Troubles’—which were found to enhance, attenuate or reverse feelings of ethnicity. Analysis of variance revealed main effects for both religion and situation type with the interaction between these two variables also being significant. Despite many deviations away from an overall ethnopolitical identity the groups did not display cross‐cutting. These findings suggested that whilst many social settings may give rise to minor variations in social identity the importance of this identity in Northern Ireland will mitigate any overall tendency to cr

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00698.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Children aged 19–42 months were video‐recorded while playing in an experimental room equipped with gender‐stereotyped toys. Children played first with their mothers and then with a familiar same‐ or opposite‐gender partner. Thirteen categories of social behaviour were coded from the videotape record using a computer‐assisted coding system. Twelve categories were combined in an aggregate measure—total social behaviourwhich increased with age and was more common in same‐gender pairs, except among boys in the oldest age group. Subcategory analyses revealed different patterns.Prosocial behaviourwas more common in mixed pairs and the frequencies ofassertionandwithdrawal behaviourprovided mirror images. Girls in the first three age groups and boys in the oldest group displayed moreassertionbut boys in the first three age groups and girls in the oldest group showed morewithdrawal.At all ages boys were more successful in their

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00699.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Proverbs are often criticized for being contradictory and hence not necessarily true. The study examines two sets of contradictory proverbs: one concerned the values or disadvantages of novelty and change; in the other, contradictory pairs were arbitrarily produced through reversals (negations) of a variety of genuine proverbs. Both sets were evaluated by a group of students forquality, and by a parallel group fortruth value, andoriginality(novelty). There were high positive correlations between truth and quality ratings, whereas originality tended to be negatively correlated with the other two. Thus, in this population, truth appears to be the most important criterion of a good proverb. However, truth scores within proverb pairs proved to be uncorrelated, so that a proverbial statement and its negation can both be considered true (or untrue). It is speculated that proverbs may be attractive as traditional (non‐novel) sayings capable of being applied to a variety of new situation

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00700.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In keeping with the recent trend towards studying cognitive products from a social perspective, this study examined the imagery values of 203 proverbs as a function of their source and form. The sources of some proverbs can be identified, while others are anonymous: the latter are higher in imagery. Negative proverbs warn against widely held beliefs, and these are higher in imagery than their affirmative counterparts. It is suggested that these findings may reflect the social origins of anonymous negative proverbs.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00701.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In most social dilemma studies (Dawes, 1980), participants have equal access to the common resources. In this study one group member—the powerholder—was able to take three times as many outcomes as the average group member. In half of the groups this ability of the powerholder was acquired by previous effort expenditure (the merit condition); in the other half of the groups the power was usurped (the usurpation condition). Mulder's power theory (Mulder, 1972) predicts that difference in quality of power has no effect, while other insights (e.g. Austin&Hatfield, 1980) suggest that legitimation has an impact on the behaviour of other participants. In half of the groups the powerholder took three times as much as the average group member. Insights derived from social justice literature (Austin&Hatfield, 1980) suggest that when the powerholder takes more than the average fellow group member—this being so in the so‐called proportional outcomes condition—then the proportionality standard of justice will be introduced. Consequently, his or her fellow group members should take fewer outcomes than in the equal outcomes condition, in which the powerholder takes as many outcomes as the average group member and in which the equality standard of justice may be assumed to be introduced by the powerholder. Using a 2 (usurpation vs. merit) x 2 (proportional vs. equal outcomes) design, several hypotheses were tested in a social dilemma situation. The results indicate that Mulder's quality of power hypothesis was supported, i.e. legitimation had no effect on the ‘harvesting’ behaviour of regular group members. However, a legitimate powerholder later received more social support than a usurper (cf. French&Raven, 1959). The standard of justice hypothesis (Austin&Hatfield, 1980) was sustained, since regular group members in the proportional outcomes condition took fewer outcomes than those in the equal outco

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00702.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00703.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00704.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY