ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00881.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00882.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article reports the results of a meta‐analytic integration of previous research on illusory correlation in stereotyping effects. The following patterns were observed. The basic distinctiveness‐based illusory correlation effect is highly significant, and of moderate strength. Consistent with theoretical expectations, distinctiveness‐based illusory correlation effects are stronger when the distinctive behaviour is negative. Effects are also stronger as a function of the number of exemplars presented in the stimulus array. This is consistent with the effects of memory load on covariation judgement demonstrated elsewhere. Finally, subjects' judgements of covariation in the distinctiveness‐based illusory correlation paradigm are significantly predicted by the paired distinctive covariation judgement strategy. This indicates that subjects' judgements of covariation in the illusory correlation in stereotyping paradigm seem to reflect a responsiveness to the information being presented to them, and especially a reliance upon distinctive information. Discussion considers possible mechanisms for these effects, and suggests that future research examine the processes underlying the effects of the valence of the distinctive behaviours, the effects of the number of exemplars, and the strategies followed in making these types of covariation jud

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00883.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies examined predictions from the ‘moral balance’ model, according to which moral decisions are affected by evaluation of the actor's moral status based on his/her recent moral history. It was found that people are more willing to allow a deviation to, and believe that this should generate less guilt in, a person who generally behaves morally than in one who generally behaves immorally. It was also found that an unworthy act by a person (self or other) who has recently behaved morally is evaluated less severely than the same act performed by one who has recently behaved immorally. This trend for normative judgements is contrary to that found for descriptive judgements: a person who has recently behaved immorally is perceived as more likely to choose to act improperly and to feel less guilty. This discrepancy between normative and descriptive judgements is analysed in terms of the distinction between attributions to trait as opposed to effort, to trait as opposed to situation, and between those made from the perspective of actors as opposed to observ

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00884.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examines the relationship between social competence and decoding of emotions in children aged between three and five years. Children were shown videotaped scenarios depicting emotional situations and were asked to choose which of three facial expressions, representing happiness, sadness and fear, would be most appropriate for the character in the situation. Children's level of social competence was assessed by a standardized questionnaire completed by their parents. Results showed that subjects with relatively higher social skills were better decoders than subjects with relatively lower social skills, and that decoding performance improved with age. The results are discussed in terms of the role of non‐verbal behavioural skills in general social competenc

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00885.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study was designed to determine the extent to which Protestant work ethic (PWE) and economic locus of control beliefs are related to suggestions for reducing unemployment. Respondents were a community sample of 285 adult Australians. Suggestions for reducing unemployment were found to be multidimensional. Those who supported tough‐minded reform tended to have less formal education and low occupational prestige, while supporters of increased government spending tended to be left‐wing supporters and to earn lower wages. Further analysis revealed PWE and economic locus of control beliefs to be significant correlates of suggestions for reducing unemployment: internals and high PWE scorers supported tough‐minded options, while those who felt that their own economic well‐being was due to chance factors or powerful others supported tender‐minded (e.g. increased government spending) options. These findings are discussed with reference to previous research which has indicated PWE and economic locus of control beliefs to be related to a wide range of socio‐political and organizational attitudes (Feather, 1984; Spe

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00886.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Relationships between exposure to political hardships, social‐economic status and mother's psychological responses, and children's coping modes, were analysed among 66 Palestinian boys and girls aged 8–14 who lived in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The effectiveness of children's coping modes in protecting their mental health from the negative impact of political hardships was also analysed. The coping modes were assessed on the intentional (passive‐active), cognitive (defensive‐purposive), and emotional (helpless‐courageous) levels. The results showed that the more children were exposed to political hardships, the more they employed active and courageous coping modes. Furthermore, the more mothers showed psychological symptoms the more their children used active coping modes. The more political activity the mothers used as a coping mode, the more their children used purposive coping. Exposure to political hardships increased children's psychological symptoms, and none of the children's psychological coping modes were effective in mitigating this rel

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00887.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present studies tested the idea that consistently pairing an attitude object with positive or negative words would colour subsequent thoughts and judgements about the object. The results of the first experiment revealed that countries were judged to possess more favourable economic conditions after pairing country names with positive as opposed to negative words. The second experiment replicated the findings of the first, and revealed a tendency to produce thoughts about the attitude obje***ct that were congruent with the valence of previously paired associates. These studies demonstrate that repeated association can have implications for subsequent, seemingly unrelated, assessments of an attitude object.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00888.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

According to McGuire&McGuire's (1981) distinctiveness postulate, being a member of a numerical minority on some descriptive dimension is said to render that dimension a more salient aspect of self. Self‐categorization and social identity theories (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher&Wetherell, 1987) predict that the presence of two groups (irrespective of relative size) should be sufficient, under certain specifiable conditions, to make in‐group‐defining characteristics salient. In the present study female students with traditional sex‐role orientations observed a sexist advertisement. They were in eight‐person groups of varying sex composition. There was a significant overall difference beween all‐female groups and mixed‐sex groups on a measure of gender salience. Gender was less salient in the all‐female groups. In addition, there was a clear positive correlation between mention of gender (i.e. salience) and endorsement of traditional sex‐role attitudes. The results lend more support to a social identity analysis than to a distinctiveness analysis of

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00889.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this study we attempted to replicate the well‐known Doise&Sinclair (1973) procedure for manipulating category salience, in a different social context. We considered the relationship between two groups of professionals: doctors and nurses, as perceived by 40 members of the superior group. The results did not confirm those obtained by Doise&Sinclair since they showedreducedcategorical differentiation when the out‐group was evoked in advance of the intergroup evaluations. The implications of these findings for theories of social categorization and social identity are discus

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00890.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY