摘要:

The attributional style associated with learned helplessness in children is examined in terms of its (i) stability over a six‐month period; (ii) impact on causal schemata used by children; and (iii) association with depressive symptoms. Seventy‐three fifth grade children provided attributions for success and failure and were divided into learned helpless and mastery‐oriented groups on the basis of the attributions typically associated with these response patterns. The attributional styles were relatively stable, influenced responses to stimuli used to investigate the use of causal schemata and were related to depressive symptoms. These results are discussed in terms of research on learned helplessness in children and several research questions are ident

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00754.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00755.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ability evaluations were studied as a function of anticipated future testing and the use of a logical reasoning filler test, and performance level. Subjects who performed successfully ascribed themselves higher relative ability and higher absolute ability, and they were more satisfied with their performance than subjects who performed worse than their co‐actor. Low scoring subjects who did not anticipate taking a further test gave higher ratings of their relative ability and satisfaction with performance than low scoring subjects who did expect future testing. This result suggests that, in situations in which a subject's poor performance gives rise to self‐protective tendencies, biases in ability evaluation are inhibited when further testing is anticipa

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00756.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Social psychological theories of group formation have traditionally focused on the affective aspects of group behaviour. Group behaviour is thus defined in terms of the attraction members feel towards each other and the group as a whole. More recent approaches have emphasized the role of cognitive variables, such as social categorization, in causing group behaviour. The process through which this might occur has been outlined by Turner (1982, 1984). He suggests that it is the acceptance of a social category as a self‐definition which leads to attraction and group behaviour, via the stereotypic perception of the self and the ingroup. Experimental studies aimed at testing this model have not monitored self‐definitions directly. Instead, comparisons in terms of group behaviour have been made between subjects categorized as belonging to a group and those not categorized. The purpose of the study described here was to investigate self‐definitions more directly. Following Turner, it was predicted that the degree to which a group label is used as a self‐definition would be associated with the degree of group behaviour expressed in terms of that group. This was tested on a sample of people associated with a real‐life low status minority, and thus who would not be expected to exhibit group behaviour if attraction was the major determinant. The prediction was supported, and the results are seen as providing further support for a social identification model of psychological group formation. It is concluded that there is room for further applied and experimental research into the nature of self‐

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00757.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper illustrates a novel approach to social psychological phenomena, namely the systematic analysis of participants' discourse. Specifically it examines the production of social categories and their organization in discourse through a detailed analysis of the use of the category ‘community’ and the notion of ‘community relations’ in accounts of the ‘St Paul's riot’ of 1980. In the first stage of analysis, the linguistic repertoire making up the category community is outlined, concentrating on variations in accounts of (a) the existence of community over time, (b) its racial composition, (c) the role of metaphors such as harmony and growth. The second stage of analysis shows the way this repertoire is deployed in the achievement of highly contrasting versions of events, concentrating on depictions of the role of the police and the way appropriate responses ar

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00758.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Truth tellers may look dishonest when suspected of lying; if so, perceivers should be vulnerable to mistakes in recognizing the truth. In an experiment we find evidence of this error in truth detection. The error reflects a seeming confirmation of false accusations and is not merely a perceptual distortion. Affective and motivational explanations for the error are considered.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00759.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The attitudes of mothers to their home and child‐care role, to their employment role and to sex roles are potentially important correlates of mental health but have been little researched. Results from a general population survey of 160 working‐class mothers of young children suggest that dissatisfaction with the home‐maker role is associated with higher levels of psychiatric symptoms, psychological distress and self‐depreciation. These relationships are strongest for full‐time home‐makers. For employed mothers, dual‐role conflict was more strongly associated with psychological distress than was job satisfaction. Liberal sex‐role attitudes were associated with lower psychiatric symptom levels in employed mothers and with higher self‐esteem in non‐employed mothers. There was a significant interaction between employment status and sex‐role beliefs in relation to anxiety. Employed mothers with traditional attitudes and non‐employed mothers with liberal attitudes were more anxious. This result was replicated in an independent sample of 200 working‐class

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00760.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A set of accounts concerning final year university students' views on the status of employment opportunities for women is examined to identify some of the practical ideologies surrounding the reproduction of gender inequalities. The focus of the analysis is the structure of the discourse produced and what is revealed about wider systems of making sense. This approach is contrasted with conventional survey research. We argue, first, that our sample's responses represent a conflict between their endorsement of equal opportunities and their emphasis on the practical considerations supposedly limiting those opportunities and, second, that their model of the human subject in society is individualistic in nature as are their notions of social change and explanations for existing inequalities.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00761.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Factor analysis of the Just World Scale using British undergraduates provides evidence that the scale is multidimensional. Four factors were identified: justness of authority, the just world, the deserving person, and the consequences of prudence. Sex differences were found on the first and fourth factors (women were more convinced that authority is just but less convinced that prudence pays) but no sex differences were found on factors 2 and 3. The implications of these results for future Just World research are discussed.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00762.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Data from 121 college students showed that the Kirton Adaption‐Innovation Inventory was positively correlated with Torrance's Creative Motivation Scale (r= 0·50) and with Smith&Schaefer's Creativity Scale (r= 0·44). The largest correlations were for the originality subscale, and social desirability response set did not affect the size of the coefficients. These findings replicate and extend Torrance&yun Horng's (1980) results and suggest either that the KAI is related to measures of creative level or that many tests purporting to measure level of creativity actually measure creative st

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00763.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY