摘要:

Although the concept of justification has played a significant role in many social psychological theories, its presence in recent examinations of stereotyping has been minimal. We describe and evaluate previous notions of stereotyping asego‐justificationandgroup‐justificationand propose an additional account, that ofsystem‐justification, which refers to psychological processes contributing to the preservation of existing social arrangements even at the expense of personal and group interest. It is argued that the notion of system‐justification is necessary to account for previously unexplained phenomena, most notably the participation by disadvantaged individuals and groups in negative stereotypes of themselves, and the consensual nature of stereotypic beliefs despite differences in social relations within and between social groups. We offer a selective review of existing research that demonstrates the role of stereotypes in the production of false consciousness and develop the implications of a system‐justification approach.[T]he rationalizing and justifying function of a stereotype exceeds its function as a reflector of group attributes—G. W. Allport (19

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Devine (1989) has proposed a model which suggests that when individuals are required to evaluate stereotyped groups both low‐prejudice and high‐prejudice persons will automatically activate the pertinent stereotype content. Controlled inhibition of the content of the stereotype characterizes low‐prejudice responses and distinguishes low‐from high‐prejudice persons. The experimental evidence Devine (1989) reports to support this model is criticized on several grounds, and a methodology that avoids these shortcomings is described. Two groups of subjects were tested, one with and one without a stereotype of the target group. The results from the group knowledgeable of the stereotype were inconsistent with Devine's (1989) model. Differences in the automatic activation of stereotype content, rather than differences in the tendency to employ strategies to inhibit stereotype content, were related to levels of prejudice towards the target group. The results from a sample of subjects not possessing a stereotype of the target group confirmed the integral role of automatic processes in prejudice. Prejudice for these subjects was related to the tendency to automatically activate negative rather than positive concepts, irrespective of their relatedness to the stereotype of the target group. The implications of these findings for Devine's (1989) model and the more general nature of the relationship between stereotypes and prejudice are discussed, and the advantages of the current methodology

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01009.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article explores the relationship between the everyday use of statistical reasoning and the perception of erroneous group stereotypes. Recent research concerning a reasoning process analogous to a statistical analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is reviewed. This research implies that the failure to engage in ANCOVA reasoning may play a role in the development and maintenance of stereotypes. This research also reveals that people can and do sometimes engage in sophisticated ANCOVA reasoning, and thus avoid forming erroneous group stereotypes. A number of factors influencing ANCOVA reasoning and group perception are identified, and the cognitive processes underlying their effects are considered. Finally, speculation is offered concerning the implications of statistical reasoning research for developing interventions that might help prevent the formation of erroneous group stereotypes.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01010.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In two studies, we investigated the functions served by stereotyping of the elderly. Theoretical analysis suggested that stereotyping of the elderly may serve a cognitive economy function (that is, by reducing processing demands on the perceiver), an ego protective function (that is, by protecting the self from perceived threats), and/or a social function (that is, by helping identify with a social in‐group). We designed interventions, intended to reduce stereotyping of the elderly, based on these three hypothesized functions and administered them to male and female college students. The results showed that, compared to a no‐intervention control, the ego protection intervention effectively reduced stereotyping in an illusory correlation task for women. By contrast, the ego protection intervention appeared to have a stereotype‐arousing effect for men. A second study involving only the ego protection intervention generally replicated these basic findings. We discuss possible sources of these differential effects, as well as implications of this research for a functional approach to stereot

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01011.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three studies examined the role of trait‐laden stereotypes (i.e. beliefs concerning the characteristics or attributes of target group members) and other components of inter‐group attitudes in predicting evaluations of Native peoples in Canada. In Studies 1 and 2, measures of stereotypes, symbolic beliefs, affect, and attitudes toward Native peoples were assessed. The results revealed that although stereotypes, on their own, were associated with attitudes, they contributed little unique variance upon the addition of symbolic beliefs and affective associates. However, in both studies, the three predictor measures accounted for relatively little variance. In order to see if we could increase our predictive power, a third study explored the influence of behavioural information on attitudes and discovered that the quality (but not the frequency) of past experiences with Native peoples was associated with subjects' attitudes. Implications of the current findings for future research are discus

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01012.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The cognitive organization of gender subtypes was studied using a new cluster‐analytic approach allowing construction of a joint classification of subtypes and features. Based on type‐by‐feature rating data, the joint clustering procedure yielded a clear‐cut picture of how types relate to each other, how type‐descriptive features relate to each other, and, most importantly, how types and features relate to each other. As to female types, only the housewife stereotype was shown to bear a high resemblance to the global female stereotype; the others were described by featural patterns deviating substantially from beliefs held about women in general. Similarly, the clustering solution for male types and features demonstrated that the global male stereotype at best captures only a small part of the cognitive structure underlying the categorization of men. In the discussion, several implications of the present methodological approach for research into gender belief systems as well as for research into social stereotypes in general are po

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01013.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recently, Devine has argued against the inevitability of prejudice perspective, proposing that stereotypes and personal beliefs should be conceptualized as separate cognitive components. The present paper reports on two studies which explore this issue in relation to stereotypes of and prejudice towards Australian Aborigines. In the first study, respondents (N= 165) were asked to give open‐ended responses regarding the cultural stereotype of Australian Aborigines. These responses were then compared to the respondents' level of prejudice towards this social group. Consistent with Devine's predictions, few significant differences emerged between low‐and high‐prejudiced subjects and category descriptions of the stereotype. The second study investigated the extent to which, and the speed with which, high‐and low‐prejudice people endorsed and rejected various components of the stereotype. A response time study in which subjects responded to a list of negative, positive and situational descriptions of the Aborigine stereotype found that subjects high in prejudice were more likely to endorse the negative components, and subjects low in prejudice were more likely to endorse the positive and sociological components of the Aborigine stereotype. This effect also generalized to positive and negative descriptions of Aborigines which were not stereotype‐linked. Response time patterns indicated that high‐prejudice subjects endorsed the negative descriptions significantly faster than low‐prejudice subjects, and low‐prejudice subjects endorsed the positive descriptions significantly faster than the high‐prejudice group. In comparison to high‐prejudice subjects, low‐prejudice subjects took significantly longer to reject positive descriptions than negative descriptions of Aborigines. These findings suggest that cognitive models of stereotype activation are alone insufficient for understanding the conscious processing of stereotype‐linked information more specifically, and in understanding prejudice more generally. Beliefs and the evaluation and affect associated with these beli

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01014.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY