摘要:

Within the framework of social identity theory (SIT) two experimental studies were conducted to further explore group members' selectivity in choosing dimensions for intergroup discrimination. Both studies were carried out in a laboratory setting using artificially created social categories. Importance of comparison dimension for the in‐group and that for the out‐group were manipulated independently of each other as within‐subject factors. In line with previous research, the first study tested the following hypotheses using 32 female respondents: (1) in‐group favouritism would be higher on dimensions highly important to the in‐group than on those unimportant to it; (2) in‐group favouritism would be mitigated on dimensions highly important on both in‐ and out‐group; (3) out‐group favouritism would occur on dimensions which are highly important to the out‐group but at the same time unimportant to the in‐group. All three hypotheses were confirmed. The second study added relative in‐group size (minority vs. majority position) as a between‐subjects factor to the experimental design. Respondents were 46 female students. It was predicted that minority members would discriminate in favour of their own group particularly on dimensions important to the in‐group, whereas majority members would favour the in‐group only on dimensions unimportant to the out‐group. The results partially supported our predictions. In addition, more subtle pathways to out‐g

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00840.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study reported here tests the egotism hypothesis for poor performance following insoluble problems. In Expt 1 subjects were exposed to no feedback or to failure in insoluble problems which were attributed to internal or external causes. They were then given Raven problems that were alleged to be either highly or moderately difficult. In Expt 2, subjects exposed to no feedback or to failure attributed to internal or external causes were further divided according to the importance of the Raven problems. It was found that the egotism theory accounted for performance deficits among subjects who made an internal attribution for failure. Among such subjects, performance deficits were greatest in moderately difficult and in highly important tasks. However, this theory failed to account for performance among subjects who made an external attribution for failure. Among these subjects, performance deficits were greatest in highly difficult and in low importance tasks. Results are discussed in terms of the achievement motivation theory.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00841.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00842.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An experiment was conducted to investigate factors that may affect people's tendency to underestimate situational determinants of behaviours when forming impressions of self and others. Subjects were randomly designated as questioners or contestants in a quiz game, which had been used to demonstrate a ‘questioner superiority effect’ as a result of situational underestimation (Ross, Amabile&Steinmetz, 1977). While the questioners were composing challenging questions for use in the quiz game, contestants either prepared questions of the same sort as a ‘warm‐up’ exercise, or did something unrelated to the game. After the quiz one‐third of the contestants were told that the questions used were actually not composed by the questioner but were supplied by the experimenter. Another third were given false feedback about themselves and their partner on a written general knowledge test. The rest were not given any information. Results showed that the question preparation task did not reduce the questioner superiority effect. It was drastically undercut, however, when false feedbac

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00843.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

According to the theory of reasoned action of Fishbein&Ajzen (1975), beliefs, attitudes, intentions and behaviour form a causal chain, so that beliefs lead to attitudes, and attitudes in turn lead to intentions and so behaviour. Despite the undoubted influence of the model, a paper by Towriss (1984) has pointed to a discrepancy between what the model says and the way in which it is usually tested: while the model is aboutindividuals'beliefs, subjects are normally asked aboutmodalbelief statements supplied by the experimenter. To examine whether the difference is critical, the present experiment was designed to test both approaches, by asking students about drinking milk. Forty subjects were supplied with belief statements (Fishbein&Ajzen condition) and 39 were asked to give their own (Towriss condition). The relationships between beliefs, attitudes, intentions and behaviour were then examined by correlation and multiple regression, and the Towriss condition was found to produce the stronger predictions for intentions and present behaviour, though not for follow‐up behaviour eight weeks later. The paper concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and empirical implications of the finding

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00844.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Intergroup comparison may strengthen the beliefs of group members. The resultant belief polarization, according to self‐categorization theory (Turner, 1987), is mediated by the perceptual extremitization of the in‐group norm. To test the theory, 51 Christian believers and 52 atheists completed a belief questionnaire twice. Firstly, they estimated the typical beliefs of the in‐group (in‐group comparison condition) or out‐group (out‐group comparison condition), or indicated their own beliefs (self condition). The effects of comparison were tested by later asking all subjects to express their own beliefs on the same questionnaire. Only the in‐group condition produced polarization. As predicted, the polarization was mediated by the extremitization of the in‐group norm among atheists. Among believers, contrary to the prediction, the polarization was associated with the moderation of the in‐group norm, suggesting that the believers were responding as individuals concerned with their personal identities rather than as group members concerned with their

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00845.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this paper is to put research on social distance towards ethnic minorities in The Netherlands in the context of theory on social representations. Two aspects of social distance are distinguished: one is the amount of social distance towards ethnic minorities, and the other is an ethnic hierarchy of minorities in social distance. In two surveys of 291 and 304 university and secondary school students, it was found that the respondents' social distance reactions towards ethnic groups formed hierarchical cumulative scales indicating a consensual ethnic hierarchy. In these hierarchies, European groups were placed on top, followed by colonial and then Islamic groups at the bottom. The ethnic distinctions contained in this hierarchy, however, varied across respondents, contexts of application and type of representatives of the out‐groups. It is concluded that the ethnic hierarchy found is a social representation with strong dynamic overtones, a finding that is consistent with recent revisions of social representation theor

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00846.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mainstream social psychology in its various conceptions tends to concentrate on individual responses, leaving the social side of the continuous interaction between people and collective arrangements unanalysed. However justified this is for some research questions, it is not justified when the interaction itself is in the focus of interest. Large‐scale social events, processes and institutions require analysis for their psychologically relevant attributes. Three major difficulties in conducting such studies are discussed here: (1) there are no codified methods for the analysis of the social side of the interaction; (2) the varying speeds of historical change demand a distinction, which is difficult to make, between relatively more and relatively less enduring features of a social situation; (3) the role of theory in such research differs from that in mainstream social psycholog

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00847.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although previous research has not always found a clear relationship between personality variables and cooperative vs. competitive behaviour on experimental games, this study set out to investigate the relationship between Protestant work ethic (PWE) beliefs and game play. The Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG) was presented in one of two formats (conventional matrix or business simulation) and played by pairs of high, low or mixed scorers on the PWE. As predicted, the business simulation elicited more competitive responses than the conventional matrix. Furthermore, high PWE scorers tended to be more competitive than low PWE scorers. Results are discussed in terms of PWE beliefs and behaviours.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00848.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Prospect theory postulates that decisions are influenced not only by probability and value of possible outcomes, but also by the manner in which these probabilities are presented. Variations in the presentation of the same information, in several areas of care, are considered to determine their influence upon health decisions of both doctors and patients. Three health‐related predicaments involving varying levels of risk are presented either in a positive or a negative frame and were given to 74 medical students who stated whether they would advise a patient or be prepared themselves to undergo one of three medical procedures. The influence of framing upon these decisions was evident both when subjects responded as patients and as doctors, but its influence was bounded by the level of risk and the type of health decision. These findings raise questions concerning how probabilistic information should be presented to both patients and doctors to counteract the effect of framing upon their decision

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00849.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY