摘要:

Brenner (1973) has reported a ‘next‐in‐line’ effect in which people, who have to perform in turn before an audience and then have to recall what they themselves and others produced, show a significant decrement in recall for material presented immediately before and after their own presentation, compared with the recall of the same material by people who merely listened without any threat of performing.An experiment is reported which examines in such a situation the effect upon recall of variation in the structure of material. Subjects who had to recall words which had been read out and which were strongly associated showed little difference in amount of recall whether they had themselves read out the words or had merely listened. Where the words were more loosely related, however, readers showed a significant decrement compared with listeners, especially for words which had been read out prior to their own performance. The results have implications for the role of performance in front of others in the encoding and retrieval of material for

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00505.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fifteen years ago Zajonc proposed a drive theory of social facilitation to account for the discrepancies in the literature at that time (Zajonc, 1965). That article has since been catalyst to as many, if not more, studies as had previously existed. It is now suggested that refinements are needed to this drive theory to explain discrepancies in the more recent literature. Specifically, a model based on the conditions ofmonitoringother persons can plausibly account for the data. A survey of the empirical studies shows that the conditions for which social monitoring is not possible are those conditions for which the mere presence of others affects task performance.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00506.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sex differences in pedestrian violation of a traffic regulation were studied under field conditions. It was hypothesized that differences between men and women in rule breaking in this situation were influenced by sex differences with respect to both conformity to group pressure and compliance to legal prohibition. In the present study women were shown to be no more compliant than males, but to be apparently more conformist.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00507.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a previous study the authors investigated the relationship between role differentiation and seating arrangements in freely formed groups. However, the design of that experiment did not permit constant monitoring of the groups so that the strategies employed in effecting the final seating positions were not revealed. The present paper reports on the process of spatial adaptation in four‐man problem‐solving groups throughout the period of role differentiation. Results showed that the non‐dominant member, who was subsequently chosen as having contributed the least to the solution of the problem, became isolated from a subgroup formed by the remaining members. Other aspects of task performance in the groups were also recorded, including solution times, role selection times, verbal interaction patterns and the effects of initial chair positions. Secondary analyses performed on these data indicated that the more egalitarian groups took longer to arrive at a solution, and that initial chair placement distances did not affect the seating arrangements adopted in the g

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00508.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00509.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study tested the hypotheses that the perceived magnitude and diversity of an opinion group are enhanced by membership of that group, and that perceptions of the magnitude and diversity of opinion groups are not confounded with each other. Subjects were asked (i) to indicate their own opinions on each of four issues, and (ii) to estimate the proportion of their peers who would fall into each of three specified opinion groups on each issue, and rate the diversity of membership of each opinion group. The order in which these questions were posed was reversed for half the subjects. Results were consistent with the magnitude hypothesis, but there was little support for the diversity hypothesis. Correlations between magnitude and diversity ratings tended to be positive and reliable. Question sequence exerted no consistently reliable effects. Discrepancies between present and previous findings are discussed.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00510.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent research has suggested that, when visual and other social cues are limited in social encounters, a number of consequences follow. The more cueless the setting, the more task oriented and depersonalized the content of the discussion, the less spontaneous the style of speech and, in negotiations, the more likely the side with the stronger case to prevail. The present experiment was designed to re‐examine the effects of cuelessness by comparing three conditions: face‐to‐face, in which subjects sat opposite each other across a table without restriction; wooden screen, in which a small wooden screen was placed between them so that visual communication was precluded; and audio, in which they conversed from separate rooms over a microphone‐headphone intercom so that they were physically as well as visually separated. It was found that (a) while cuelessness did not affect content, it did reduce spontaneity of style; (b) subjects failed to adapt to the constraints of cuelessness over time; and (c) the more task oriented and depersonalized the content of the discussions, the less spontaneous the style. The theoretical and empirical implications of the findings for our cuelessness model are di

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00511.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Shaver's (1970) defensive attribution hypothesis was tested systematically. Personal similarity, situational relevance and outcome severity were manipulated. Also studied was the importance of social categorization as a determinant of responsibility attribution bias, as an extension of ‘minimal’ intergroup studies. Seventy‐six schoolboys were assigned to the cells of a 2 (categorization) ×2 (similarity) factorial design. Each subject read three accidents ostensibly involving unidentified others from the same experimental condition. Judgements of blame, situational relevance, perceived similarity and carelessness were elicited.Neither similarity nor situational relevance affected attributions, but similarity had an effect on carelessness ratings (P<0.05). Outcome severity affected blame (P<0.025) and carelessness (P<0.01). Categorization had no effect. Thus, no support for the defensive attribution hypothesis nor for attributional bias based on such minimal similarity and categorization manipulations was

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00512.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The construction and development of a Belief in Human Benevolence scale (BHB), held to be useful for research into delinquent behaviour, was described. It was demonstrated to be reliable (α = 0.77) both with undergraduates and prisoners. Its validity is supported by correlations with theoretically related aspects of social cognition (interpreting relationships as cooperative and prison staff as treating prisoners fairly) and personality (oral pessimism and psychoticism). Its correlation with McGurk's measure of undercontrol suggests that it may distinguish between more and less delinquent offender personality types

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00513.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an earlier paper, the author made detailed methodological criticisms of Lynn's work on the social ecology of intelligence (Lynn, 1979; Kirby, 1980). These have been overlooked in a further study which extends the existing methodology to an analysis of French data (Lynn, 1980). In response, this present paper attempts three things: first, a reiteration of the critique of ecological studies; second, a detailed criticism of Lynn's causal reasoning with respect to the French data; and third, a brief review of the recent research that emphasizes the role of public provision in the process of educational attainment.

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00514.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY