摘要:

Fishbein's theory of the attitude–behaviour relationship provides no methodology for measuring the importance of each of the model's components for any given individual. The present paper extends the concepts of latitude of rejection, centrality and certainty (as measures of the individual's involvement with the attitudinal act) so that they can be applied to both the attitudinal and normative terms in Fishbein's model. In a questionnaire study with student subjects, using social drinking as a target behaviour, it is shown that these moderator variables are uncorrelated and that they moderate the degree of consistency which exists between a subject's attitudes, norms and his expressed intention

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies were conducted to examine possible cases of bias and distortion in the self‐evaluation of an ability, particularly as a function of social comparison information. Despite considerable differences in procedure, both studies found that subjects used strictly logical deductions as the primary method of evaluation. There were two instances of a non‐logical evaluational tendency, but these were not irrational in the sense of a cost–benefit analysis, nor were they easily avoidable given the experimental context. It was proposed that the results were due to the practical importance of having accurate perceptions of one's abilities. The discussion considered the proposition that people are in general highly rational, and will typically display bias and distortion in their judgements only when these tendencies are less costly than the use of

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00604.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The prediction from several theories of interpersonal relations that intergroup similarity would lead to less differentiation and more attraction was contrasted to a hypothesis from Social Identity Theory which predicts the opposite outcome. In Expt 1, groups of schoolchildren expected to interact cooperatively with one another. The perceived characteristics of the out‐group were varied in a 3 times 2 design. The independent variables were out‐group Status (higher vs. same vs. lower relative to the in‐group), and its prevailing Attitudes (similar to vs. different from those in the in‐group). Evaluations of anticipated performance and liking clearly supported the similarity–attraction hypothesis. But on a Prisoner's Dilemma measure, more competition was observed against the similar group, as predicted by Social Identity Theory. In Expt 2, using a similar design, a third independent variable was incorporated: the nature of the Task (cooperative vs. competitive). Unexpectedly, this factor had few effects in isolation and its predicted interaction with similarity was not observed. But further analysis revealed that subjective goal orientation may be an important variable: similarity led to intergroup attraction only for non‐competitive subjects; for competitive subjects the reverse was true. It was concluded that similarity may perform different functions in differe

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00605.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A study of attitudes to rape in a non‐student British sample is reported. Ninety‐six subjects (64 male, 32 female) were presented with a newspaper rape account in which previous relationship between victim and rapist and victim status were manipulated. Respondents were divided into females, males with traditional attitudes to the female role, and males with progressive attitudes. Relationship and status had no effect on perceptions but consistent effects were found for sex of respondent and attitudes to the female r

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00606.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Predictions derived from social learning theory and from the attributional reformulation of learned helplessness theory were tested in a ‘real‐life’ situation involving success or failure, the British driving test. Among the predictions made were that pre‐test expectations would affect the probability of passing, the attributions made for success or failure, and persistence following failure. The attributional dimensions of internality, stability and globality were expected to correlate with mood, expectancy of future success and persistence, and sex differences were predicted in both expectations and attributions. The results showed that pre‐test expectations were related to attributions of success and to persistence, but not to the probability of passing or to attributions for failure. Attributions themselves correlated only in the predicted fashion with expectancy of future success among male subjects. But there were consistent sex differences in expectations, attributions for success and persistence. The implications of these findings for cognitive/attributional theory are

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00607.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study examined problem and non‐problem children's causal explanations of success and failure in four different kinds of school achievement situations. Subjects were 144 pupils drawn from a larger group of first, third and fifth graders. They were classified and matched on two dimensions of problem and non‐problem category and high and low ability. Subjects were interviewed to determine whether problem and non‐problem children differ on dimensions of internality, stability and intentionality in explaining probable causes of success and failure. Multivariate analyses of variance results showed that non‐problem children, compared to problem children, attributed outcomes more to internal, stable and intentional factors, that high ability children gave more stable factors to explain outcomes, and that fifth‐grade students compared to other age groups, were the most internalized in their explanations. Educational implications of these findings are

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00608.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Decreasing the number of social cues available to a group representative negotiating an agreement with an opponent should, theoretically, increase attention to the task at the expense of their interpersonal relationship. Pairs of male undergraduates conducted a simulated union–management negotiation over an audio‐only system or face‐to‐face. Content analysis provided little evidence that audio negotiators were more neglectful of their personal relationship. Rather, they were more oriented towards negotiating the specifics of an agreement than face‐to‐face negotiators who, with greater access to social cues, held more wide‐ranging discussions. Subsidiary measures tended to support these conclusions. Theoretical implications

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00609.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In order to examine audience effects when viewing filmed violence, male subjects watched an aggressive or a neutral movie either alone, accompanied by a passive confederate (i.e. mere presence of a co‐spectator), or an active one (i.e. reacting to the movie). The subsequent behavioural measures of subjects' aggression were collected via a modified aggression apparatus. The usual instigation effect of filmed violence was found. Furthermore, the type of audience also influenced aggression: subjects accompanied by an active confederate during the violent movie displayed their aggressive behaviour most. These findings stress the importance of the social context when filmed violence is viewed. The results are discussed in terms of social facilitation and disinhibition effects. It is suggested that an active audience may promote a reduction of restraints against aggressing by showing the subject that aggression is permissibl

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00610.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The hypothesis that eye‐contact is a chance product of independent individual looking is assessed using regression models. An index of eye‐contact is proposed that takes into account the mathematical constraints on the possible duration of eye‐contact given the levels of looking. These constraints are shown to have a substantial effect on the association between actual and expected eye‐contact. Doubts are raised about the theoretical chance model; conclusions about the model depend on whether the effects of the constraints are taken into

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00611.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00612.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY