摘要:

Summary.This paper describes the responses of more than 1,200 children to a schedule of seventy questions dealing with estimation of length, time, direction; with volume, weight, shadows, etc. Several questions were concerned with growth of living things. The replies to two questions concerning sky and night are classified according to nature of response. Results are tabulated in terms of percentages for boys and girls with increasing chronological age, and the types of questions considered in terms of the age trends.

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1961.tb01696.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1.—What sorts of boys are most likely to have both a high level of educational aspiration and a preference for scientific studies? Answers to this question were sought through a comparison of those boys who display these attributes with those who do not.2.—The study here reported is concerned with differences manifested in the following areas:(i) Type of school.(ii) Home background.(iii) Attitudes towards certain aspects of school life.(iv) Interests in school subjects and the values attributed to them.(v) Spare time interests and the reasons for pursuing them.(vi) Vocational aspirations and the things that make a job appear to be worth‐while.3.—The results obtained give rise to some important considerations which seem to be centred around the following points:(i) The relative importance of sociological and psychological influences in connection with (a) educational aspiration, (b) science preference, and (c) the effective combination of these two.(ii) The basis of the achievement drive, and in particular, the question of whether it is primarily sociological or psychological.(iii) The role of the self, and the significance of the part played by a

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1961.tb01697.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1961.tb01698.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1961.tb01699.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1961.tb01700.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.This paper is an attempt to continue into the field of mathematics the kind of psycho‐logical analysis which Piaget has made in that of number. Differences between arithmetic and mathematics are related to the difference between sensori‐motor intelligence and reflective intelligence. The latter concept is developed further, and an experiment is described to test the hypothesis that the transition from mechanical arithmetic, via problem arithmetic, to mathematics, involves the transition from sensori‐motor to reflective intelli

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1961.tb01701.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.It is generally believed that the high failure rates in part‐time technical college classes are due to lack of ability. Scores on two intelligence and two attainment tests obtained by 678 engineering students in four technical colleges gave a multiple R of 0·51 with success in the first year examination of the Ordinary National Certificate. In the trade examinations, the figure was 0·61. Curves of least misfits gave ‘cut‐off’ scores for both groups. The bottom 16 per cent. of those taking trade examinations had a failure rate of 82 per cent., and more ‘third stream’ courses for such students are recommended. For the O.N.C. students, the failure rate below the ‘cut‐off’ was 68 per cent., and it was only among the ‘over‐achievers’ in this group that the stereotype of the over‐earnest part‐time student, with few other interests, could be found. Above the ‘cut‐off’ the pass rate was not more than 61 per cent. and here the successful student tended to be the one withmoreoutside interests. At all levels of test scores success correlated with: (1) A father or near relative in the engineering industry, and (2) A father doing a skilled or managerial job.Results show that by the use of two or three standardised tests on entry, colleges could place their students more effectively in the three types of course available, and be in a position to offer them more realistic help in the event of failure or other difficulties.It is suggested: (1) that the examination system which rejects about 40 to 50 per cent. of candidates at each stage of a three‐year course should be revised, and (2) that the apprenticeship system which links wages with age and in general takes little or no account of academic achievement, influences adversely the motivation of a high percentage of students and sets a serious

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1961.tb01702.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.At the present time in England, there is a revival of discussion on the effects of ‘streaming’ children in the primary school, and on the effectiveness of ‘streaming’ procedures used in English schools. There is, however, a great dearth of experimental study of these questions, although there are some signs that this situation will soon be changed. This is the first of two papers by the present author on this subject. It reports the results of giving to English primary school teachers a questionnaire designed to determine their views on, and attitudes towards junior school ‘streaming.’ The second paper will report the results of an experimental study of the actual effects of streaming upon the intellectual and scholastic progress of junior sc

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1961.tb01703.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The purpose and organisation of remedial education and possible methods of selection for it are discussed. At the outset of a new scheme of adjustment groups, the opportunity occurred to compare the effectiveness of selection by teachers' judgment with the conventional method of selection by test results. In the experiment, no significant difference was found in the effectiveness of the two methods as judged by gains in reading or arithmetic achievement. The achievement gains were also classified according to I.Q., A.Q. (R.A./M.A.) and amount of backwardness (R.A./C.A.) and the results of this analysis are reported. In addition, an attempt was made to assess personality changes during the remedial treatment, but the results were inconclusive.

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1961.tb01704.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1961.tb01705.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY