ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1962.tb01724.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1962.tb01725.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The present investigation was carried out on the assumption that social attitudes are mainly based on the feeling of responsibility towards certain social objects. 512 subjects were taken from high school students of various Indonesian towns. They were asked to state their attitude towards fifteen situations constructed like Havighurst and Taba's Life Problem Test. By means of the method of paired comparisons, the fifteen situations were linked in such a way as to get a complete set of comparisons among six kinds of responsibilities, namely towards oneself, family, friends, school, society and an abstract value (honesty).The analysis of the students' replies was conducted according to (a) the direction of their choice; (b) the reasons underlying their choice; and (c) the difference between their replies on the normative level (‘what should be done’) and the realistic level (‘what would be done’).From the results of the analysis in the main, the following conclusions were drawn:1.—It was evident that responsibility towards society had a high percentage of choices, both on the normative and the realistic level. As this tendency was found in all the six types of schools investigated from the various towns, it can be said that at present, in general, the social orientation of Indonesian students is relatively high if compared with their individualistic orientation, especially in situations where they are directly faced with the interests of the society and the country.2.—There are four main attitude types among the subjects: (1) social type; (2) common type; (3) individualistic type; (4) double‐valued type. The social type which puts a stronger emphasis on social values comprises the majo

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1962.tb01726.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.This paper continues the longitudinal study of speech and language development in fifty children begun in 1956 and continued in 1959. The reading skill of these children is here the chief focus and this has been related to their earlier and present speech development. Other factors to which research has ascribed importance for their influence on reading have also been considered. The results showed an association between skill in the language aspects of speech and reading, but the contribution of the mechanical aspects of speech was unclear. Home influences, partly mediated through speech, were also found to contribute to skill and disability in reading, but personal maladjustment, though sometimes associated with reading failure and ‘under‐functioning,’ was not incompatible with su

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1962.tb01727.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.100 boys and girls of 13+ years of age were given repeated trials on a simple musical theme. The performance on eight consecutive trials was related to performance on a battery of musical and other tests and the factors underlying performance were elicited. It was found that the task was complex and changed in complexity during the eight trials. The learning curve for a hypothetical performer was broken down into a series of other curves corresponding to the factors revealed in the earlier part of the study. It was found that these curves did not follow the overall learning curve although they behaved in a generally regular manner.

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1962.tb01728.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The main purpose of this enquiry was to study the progress in adjustment of a group of twenty‐three maladjusted children in a special boarding school, and to relate improvement to a number of factors.Progress was mainly assessed by comparing the initial and final test results in intelligence, reading and arithmetic, the Bristol Social Adjustment Guides, and projection techniques. In an independent assessment the Warden of the school classified the children into broad categories according to patterns of behaviour, severity of symptoms, and degree of improved adjustment, and comparisons were made between these groups.The results show that, whilst the reliability and validity of the Bristol Guides in the assessment of maladjustment were moderately good, those of the projection tests were generally poor. All the techniques, except the W.I.S.C. verbal scale, showed significant improvement but there was very little relationship between them, and only the improvement shown on the Bristol Guides was significantly related to the Warden's own assessments of improvement. The rate of progress of these children tends to be inconsistent, for those who made most progress in the first half of the experimental period did not do so in the second. Severity of symptoms and level of intelligence were slightly related to improved adjustment, but a more important factor seems to be improvement in parental attitude

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1962.tb01729.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.A factorial study of items in a new arithmetic learning situation suggests that, although knowledge of one system is the most important single factor in learning a new one, temperamental aspects of attention and set are also relevant. Subjects deemed suitable for the extraverted roles of exploration and amusements assimilated strange and unfamiliar facts with greater facility than those allocated to the more introverted roles of nursing and chores. The latter manipulated processes with greater effect once the facts were assimilated. Finally, there is the tentative suggestion that the two introverted roles tended to be associated with avoidance of error in two characteristic ways—those thought of as nurses were cautious at the first impact of test stimulus and those allocated to chores performed well during prolonged trial

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1962.tb01730.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.In this investigation it is shown that when a child has above‐average intellectual ability he will probably overcome the effects of a deprived home environment. However, as the intellectual ability decreases, the effect of deprived social and economic conditions of the home begins to have a more serious effect on scholastic achievemen

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1962.tb01731.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1.—Past investigations of the cognitive processes of primitive peoples are reviewed, with special reference to the continuum of abstract and concrete. It is pointed out that these studies have used Western type tests in reaching their conclusions. The present study differs in using indigenous material; the author, having lived among the subjects in the manner of an anthropologist, and speaking (inexpertly but sufficiently) the native language.2.—Bush and primary school children, living in the same area, were compared in their ability to classify and to sort (a) models of animals known in the area, (b) plants actually picked in the neighbourhood. The ability to shift from one classification to another and the basis of classification were investigated. The linguistic background relevant to the classifications is described.3.—Using familiar material there was found no difference between the two sets of children, of an age range from approximately 6 1/2 to 11 years. The results are discussed in the light of the general ability to abstract, in the sense of shifting from one class to another, and in the framework of the transition of the process of abstraction during this age period which comes under Piaget's period of “Concrete Oper

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1962.tb01732.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-0998    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1962.tb01733.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY