ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01358.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01359.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe role and use of risk assessmentmethods in the establishment of drinking water standards are described, with emphasis on recent applications in the USA. The process essentially includes an attempt to quantify human exposure from all routes including drinking water, animal toxicology and human epidemiology, when available, to arrive at drinking water concentrations at which exposure would result in ‘no known or anticipated adverse effects on health, with a margin of safety’. The process itself is straightforward; however, the application to decision making for substances which are considered to be potentially non‐threshold acting in their toxicity (e.g. carcinogenic) requires many policy choices beyond the scientific data, and is subject to considerable contro

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01360.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with concepts and methodsthat may be used in the assessment and management of risks associated with aquatic recreation. It aims to explore potential approaches and to indicate their strengths and weaknesses. The paper concentrates on hazards encountered in bathing, swimming and water‐contact sports that may be affected by water quality. Aspects discussed include: the role of society in regulating risks that are taken voluntarily by individuals; the difficulties of measuring those risks by means of epidemiological studies; the questionable predictive power of bacterial indicators and the problem of finding a satisfactory rationale for determining the standards for recreational water

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01361.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe problem of determining minimum premissible storagein the optimization of water distribution networks is assessed by means of evaluating the reliability of the system operation during range crisis events. Reliability is treated in both a deterministic and probabilistic manner, and an illustration of the analysis given for a typical scenario on an existing network.

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01362.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSources of both systemic and parameter uncertintiesin flood alleviation cost‐benefit analysis are discussed. Cost‐benefit analyses are assessments of the future effects of different scheme options; consequently, there are inherent uncertainties. The omission of consideration of some impacts as ‘intangibles’, because it has not been possible to measure them, is a form of systemic uncertainty.A significant omission in the past from flood alleviation cost‐benefit analyses has been the non‐monetary impacts of flooding upon households. It is shown that these impacts are both large and more important to the households affected than are the direct mone

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01363.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe demand for‘Rolls‐Royce’ solutionsto the disposal of hazardous and radioactive wastes has seen a continuing move towards more sophisticated disposal concepts. If a disposal site for radioactive wastes meets the strict requirements laid down by Government departments it is difficult to see why there should be any impact to groundwater of concern to the water industry. Hazardous wastes are a much more significant problem, and the large size of many landfills, other pressures on groundwater quality and current EC directives are all contributing to a move away from the use of ‘dilute and disperse’ sites. It is argued that the long‐term performance of containment sites needs to be carefully evaluated over timescales of 2‐3 decades, as over such periods a correctly‐managed policy of ‘dilute and disperse’ may result in less of an overall impact to the environment than a policy of ‘con

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe importance of adequate insurancein its many and varied forms may often be overlooked in the planning of new projects and developments or the maintenance of existing ones. The consequences can be catastrophic. The insurers are natural risk‐takers, and the emphasis in this paper is on the role to be played by each party in aiming at suitable premiums, cover, terms, and risk and management philosophie

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe new treatment worksat Langsett, in the Pennine foothills of South Yorkshire, was commissioned by Yorkshire Water in July 1985. The works represented a fresh approach to the treatment of highly‐coloured upland Pennine waters utilizing a chemical process.This paper describes the treatment process and reviews the experience which was gained during the first two years of operation. The process has occasionally suffered due to failure of the supporting equipment, and some important lessons have been learned. Subsequent modifications to the treatment plant and method of operation are describe

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn the past five yearssewage‐treatment systems, based on artificial reed beds, have created much interest in Europe. In the UK, reed bed treatment systems have attracted this interest because of their potential for producing cost‐effective treatment for small communities. In 1985 a UK coordinating group was established to produce an integrated research and development programme for evaluating the process.This paper briefly describes the principles lying behind reed bed treatment systems, and outlines the progress which has been made to January 1988. The results of performance from eight full‐scale and pilot‐scale systems are presented in

ISSN:1747-6585    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY