摘要:

AbstractThe Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 mandated the development of regulations for the protection of workers, the public, and the environment from catastrophic releases and chemical plant accidents. As a result, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated the Risk Management Program rule in June 1996. Approximately 66,000 regulated facilities are required to comply with all the requirements by June 1999 and submit a risk management plan to the EPA. Each risk management plan will contain amongst other things, a 5‐year accident history for the facility.The 5‐year accident history database scheduled to become available to the public sometime in 1999 is potentially a very large and useful database. This presents an opportunity for determining macroscopic as well as microscopic causal factors for chemical plant accidents and then implementing these determinations for solving the underlying problems. However, there are various issues and potential pitfalls that must be kept in mind. For example, data integrity, taxonomy of the database, and the wide differences in the 66,000facilities are issues that represent challenges that require some novel approaches. The authors present their experience in analyzing EPA's accidental release information program database. The experience will guide the analysis of the 5‐year accident history database, attempting to identify the situations that commonly result in accidental chemical rel

ISSN:0278-4491    

DOI:10.1002/ep.670180113

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0278-4491    

DOI:10.1002/ep.670180102

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0278-4491    

DOI:10.1002/ep.670180103

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWet oxidation with molecular oxygen at mild conditions (temperature<200°C, pressure ⩽ 2 MPa) is an economically attractive pretreatment step for non‐biodegradable aqueous waste streams. In order to overcome the low reactivity of molecular oxygen towards organic molecules at these mild process conditions, an initiator was used in combination with ferrous ions in the acidic range. The promoted oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution was investigated in a 4 liters stirred autoclave. It was possible to degrade the phenol at temperatures as low as 100°C without observing an induction time. The remaining solution contained mainly acetic and formic acid and was well biodegradable.The oxidative behavior of the oxygen/phenol system could be explained using the well‐known autoxidation mechanism for aliphatic molecules. 4‐hydroperoxy‐phenol is suggested as a key intermediate. Measured products are p‐benzoquinone, hydroquinone, catechol, maleic, oxalic, pyruvic, formic, and acetic acid. Dinners could also be identified in sample extracts. A global pathway including all identified products

ISSN:0278-4491    

DOI:10.1002/ep.670180114

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0278-4491    

DOI:10.1002/ep.670180107

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0278-4491    

DOI:10.1002/ep.670180109

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0278-4491    

DOI:10.1002/ep.670180110

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0278-4491    

DOI:10.1002/ep.670180111

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Catalytic Wet Oxidation with pure oxygen is a suitable treatment process for the degradation of organic matter in ivastewaters and sludges. The applied moderate reaction conditions lead only to a partial oxidation of the organics. Therefore the resulting process water has to be purified in a biological treatment plant. In this study, experimental data collected during the wet oxidation of phenol and sewage sludge in a laboratory batch reactor as well as in a pilot plant are presented. A generalized kinetic model combined with a residence time analysis allows to predict accurately the degradation of organic matter in the pilot plant. The wet oxidation of wastewaters and sewage sludge was realized in one single plant concept. Treating suspended or diluted organic wastes produces a highly biodegradable process water containing low molecular oxidation products. Tlje investigated Catalytic Wet Oxidation of sewage sludge generates a residual solid complying with the European quality standards of disposal concerning leachability and organic content. Due to its low capital and operating costs, the Catalytic Wet Oxidation process constitutes an acceptable alternative to incineration for the disposal of sludges.

ISSN:0278-4491    

DOI:10.1002/ep.670180115

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0278-4491    

DOI:10.1002/ep.670180112

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY