ISSN:0141-6421    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-5457.1986.tb00369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The area under review is the Arabian Peninsula, Fertile Crescent and parts of SE Turkey and SW Iran (Arabian Plate plus Levant). Petroleum production is essentially from the eastern part or the Iraq‐Iran‐Arabia basin. Published proved oil reserves at the start of 1985 were estimated at 398.7 B† brl (barrels) and those for natural gas at 869.95 T‡ cu. ft (53 B tonnes and 24.8 T cum respectively) amounting to 57% of estimated world oil reserves and 25.6% of world gas reserves. The region produced 21.2% of world production in 1984 (but had produced 38.8% in 1974, the drop being due to non‐technical reasons). The oil reserves are attributable to some 290 producing fields and undeveloped discoveries, 25 of which are “supergiant” and 69 of which are “giant” in size. Only about 122 of these fields and discoveries are actually producing (excluding Turkey's 30 which account for little of the total).The reasons for the prolific oil abundance lie principally in the repeated extensive deposition of organically‐rich source rocks under anoxic conditions in the right juxtaposition with very permeable extensive reservoirs and sealed by regionally extensive efficient seals over several intervals of geological time, charging extremely large anticlinal traps formed by a variety of structure‐forming mechanisms available at optimum hydrocarbon maturation and migration times. Accumulations occur in Paleozoic sands in southern Oman charged from Infra‐Cambrian source rocks, and in Middle and Upper Jurassic carbonates and Lower and Middle Cretaceous carbonates and sanhtones in the central part of the basin (the Gulf), and the Zagros fold belt, as well as in the Oligo‐Miocene carbonates in the latter charged by vertical migration from the Cretaceous. The NW‐most part has heavier Middle‐Upper Cretaceous and some Miocene oil of differing origin and Triassic light oil, gas and condensate extending into central Syria. Subordinate Paleogene heavy oil occurs in the Kuwait‐Basra area. Other new discoveries of Mesozoic and Paleogene age have occurred in Jordan and North and South Yemen.All Middle East countries with the exception of Lebanon now either have established production or discoveries under assessment. Even in the main basin, exploration has not been intensive and future efforts including enhanced recovery methods will lead to considerable success and are expected to add new reserves equal to those now established for oil and probably more than those now estimated for gas, with a 50% chance of success. Saudi Arabia, Iraq and UAE are ranked highest, but small basins outside the main area will yield important finds by utilisation of the latest in geop

ISSN:0141-6421    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-5457.1986.tb00370.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Movement (and diapirism) in salt rock is frequently associated with faulting. In some cases, as in the Southern North Sea Zechstein, the association is clearly demonstrable. In other cases, more subtle effects occur. There is a variety of phenomena which may be observed under different geological circumstances in the salt‐fault association, and this paper discusses some of the more frequently‐encountered of these, offering some rather speculative suggestions as to the mechanisms which may be involved.Comment is also made upon apparent inconsistencies existing in currently‐held views on deformation in salt rock, and on the initiatory causes of diapirism.The ideas expressed and the geological interpretations made, are based on the study of current seismic data which has, where possible, been related to released well inform

ISSN:0141-6421    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-5457.1986.tb00371.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Most NW‐SE trending, offshore, tide‐generated reservoir sandstones in the Lower Cretaceous Viking Formation of Alberta and Saskatchewan produce oil and/or gas from their NE flanks. This is because stronger tidal currents sorted and shifted finer sediments from the NE to the SW in the direction of sandbody migration. Thus, the NE flanks are older, thinner, coarser and better sorted with good reservoir characteristics. Post‐despositional tilting, however, provided optimal conditions for oil and gas entrapment.This pattern of hydrocarbon occurrence may be more profitable if applied to the exploration and development of oil and gas in the less‐developed san

ISSN:0141-6421    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-5457.1986.tb00372.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The first part of this paper was published in Journ. Petrol. Geol. 8(4) 373–388. The Author here concludes his presentation: the Summary and Conclusions, and the references which follow, apply to both section

ISSN:0141-6421    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-5457.1986.tb00373.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The basic mechanisms governing the hydrodynamic patterns in sedimentary basins are ultimately related to the pressure, reservoirs, water salinity and chemical composition, and the regional geological environment, all of which are interdependent. In Iraq, there are four major hydrogeological units in the Tertiary‐Jurassic section, which are generally governed by two hydrodynamic systems — by gravity and by high‐pressure zones.1. Slightly saline water moves by the action of gravity from sites of high potential, namely the Zagros foothills zone and the outcrops of the Arabian shield (where reservoirs are recharged) towards the centre of the basin, which is topographically low. The Tigris, Euphrates and Arabian Gulf form a drainage axis due to their comparatively low topographic positions.The vertical movement of formation water in the basinal area where artesian phenomena exist is effectively possible, favoured by major faults and fractures connecting the deep aquifers to the surface. This mechanism is even more notable in areas of minimum potential.2. High pressure zones have their origin in the diagenesis of organic matter and “cracking” of hydrocarbons beneath thick sediments, which lead to an increase in pressure within a closed system. Abnormally high pressures have been encountered in the Lower Cretaceous in Southern Iraq, mostly related to the presence of gas.Pressure anomalies may also be related to the compaction of sedimentary rocks; if during compaction the fluid expulsion can be normally effected due to the presence of satisfactory drainage channels, the hydraulic gradients will be low. On the other hand, if the fluid expelled is drained into a confined reservoir embedded within argillaceous beds, then an abnormally high pressure will be created.The hydrodynamic systems are related to the geometry of the sedimentary basin; in addition, factors other than compaction (for example, the existence of Miocene saliferous beds, tectonic forces, temperature, etc.) may be involved in the development of high pressures in the Tertiary aquifers of the north and NE of the Mesopotamian basins.The salt series of the Hormuz and Gotnia formations encountered in the Arabian Gulf, which extend to Southern Iraq, could be one of the factors related to the pressure anomalies, when they remain within a closed system.The hydrodynamic systems and the geodynamic evolution of the sedimentary rocks are responsible for the confined formation water, the migration of expelled water towards the surface, and the distribution within the basin of various parameters such as the hydraulic potential, salinity, heat flow, and d

ISSN:0141-6421    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-5457.1986.tb00374.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0141-6421    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-5457.1986.tb00375.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:“Mechanics of oil shale” edited by K. R Chong and J. W. Smith.“Oil shale, the environmental challenges‐III” edited by K. H. Petersen.“Heavy crude oil and tar sands resources in the USSR”, by Daria Mona Fane.“Petroleum stratigraphy: a guide for non‐geologists”; by R. L. Brenner.“Mastodon‐bearing springs and Late Quaternary geochronology of the Lower Pomme de Terre Valley, Missouri”, by C. Vance Haynes“Technology of Gasoline” edited by E. G. Hancock.“Log Quality Control”, by R. M. Bateman.“Cased‐Hole Log Analysis and Reservoir Performance Monitoring”, by R. M. Bateman.“Reservoir Engineering Techniques using FORTRAN”, by M. K. Sina and L. R. Padget.“Geology of the European Countries Vol. 1, Austria, Federal Republic of Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands, Switzerland, United Kingdom“European Communities Oil and Gas Research and Development Pr

ISSN:0141-6421    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-5457.1986.tb00376.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY