摘要:

AbstractSmall Chardonnay and Shiraz vines were grown under controlled conditions at 25°/20°C day/night temperatures but transferred for one week to 17°/14°C or 12°/9°C at four stages of growth between budburst and flowering. In Chardonnay, half the vines were given supplementary pollination with pollen produced under favourable conditions. Per cent fruit‐set and berry number per bunch of Chardonnay were reduced by about one third to one half by 12°/9°C, applied just before and at the early stage of flowering. At these stages, and with this low‐temperature treatment, supplementary pollination had significant positive effects. Total seed number per berry was not affected by treatment, but the proportion of hollow seeds increased in the treatments which suffered reduced set. This resulted in a positive relation between the number of functional seeds per berry and the number of berries per bunch. In Shiraz, the differences between the various treatment means were small and mostly not significant. It is concluded that the reduction in fruit‐set of Chardonnay due to cool temperatures near flowering is due to detrimental effects on both poll

ISSN:1322-7130    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00071.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo study ovule development, small Chardonnay and Shiraz vines were grown in pots under controlled conditions at 25°/20°C day/night temperature until flowering or were transferred to 12°/9°C two days before flowering and then returned to 25°/20°C after one week. The ovules of flowers at three positions within the inflorescence were excised on the day after they had opened. The ovules exposed to the lower temperatures tended to be smaller and less advanced in development, even when otherwise normal, especially on Chardonnay, and the ovules of king flowers tended to be larger than those of the other flowers. Over half of the ovules of Chardonnay exposed to the low temperatures were abnormal (with abnormal or no embryo sacs, and some also having a degenerated nucellus) while 35% of the Shiraz ovules were without normal embryo sacs. To study pollination and pollen tube growth, vines similar to those of the ovule study were exposed to 12°/9°C two days before or on the day of flowering. In the pistils exposed to low temperature, a reduction occurred in the number of pollen tubes present in the lower ovary on days 2 and 4 after flowering, from about four to almost nil in Chardonnay, but a smaller reduction occurred in Shiraz. In the absence of cool temperatures, pollen tubes penetrated on average less than one ovule per ovary in Chardonnay and about one ovule per ovary in Shiraz. It is concluded that temperature sensitivity to fruit‐set is a varietal characteristic, expressing itself in quantitative differences in the damage imparted to the structure of the ovules and the function of t

ISSN:1322-7130    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00072.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInflorescences of the floral grapevine cv Muscat Gordo Blanco (syn. Muscat of Alexandria) were grown on their own shoots until maturity or, after approach‐grafting before flowering, on the shoots of the non‐floral cv Shiraz (in the glasshouse) or Sultana (in the field). The flavour compounds of their berries were compared with those in the berries of the non‐floral cultivars, grown either on their own shoots or, by grafting, on the shoots of the Muscat cultivar. For this, monoterpene glycosides were isolated from the fruits, enzymatically hydrolysed and the released monoterpene aglycons were liquid‐liquid extracted and analysed by GC‐MS. The Muscat Gordo Blanco berries of ungrafted bunches and of bunches grafted onto Shiraz or Sultana vines yielded fruit with monoterpenes at levels and types typical of this floral grape variety. The berries of Shiraz and Sultana bunches contained only low levels of monoterpene glycosides both on their own shoots or grafted onto Muscat shoots. The lack of difference between flavour compounds in grafted and non‐grafted fruit indicate that aroma compounds are synthesised in the berries and that their presence is determined by the genotype of the grape bunch rather than by the genotype

ISSN:1322-7130    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00073.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA diagnostic test using the polymerase chain reaction is described for the detection of phytoplasma DNA in grapevines collected from South Australia and Victoria. Grapevines with Australian grapevine yellows disease tested positively for a phytoplasma but those with ‘restricted spring growth syndrome’ (formerly called ‘grapevine decline’) tested negatively. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses were done to determine the relationships between phytoplasmas of the Australian grapevine yellows and of representatives from both the aster yellows group (which includes phytoplasmas of grapevine yellows from Italy) and the elm yellows group (which includes phytoplasmas of flavescence dorée). Results showed that Australian grapevine yellows is associated with a unique phytoplasma that is more closely related to the phytoplasmas of the aster yellows group than to those of the elm yello

ISSN:1322-7130    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00074.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA cell‐recycle membrane bioreactor system has been evaluated for conducting rapid, continuous malolactic conversion in wine. A reactor (300 mL) containing 1010cfu/mL ofLeuconostoc oenosand operating at a flow rate of 6 mL/min for periods up to 56 h gave greater than 95% degradation of L‐malic acid in a range of red and white wines. Stability of malic acid degrading activity and long term performance of the reactor varied with strain ofLeuc. oenos, wine being processed and temperature. Increasing operating temperature from 20°C to 30°C caused rapid loss of activity. When grape juice was processed, reactor performance (>95% degradation of malic acid) was stable for at least 125 h. Addition of 10% ethanol to the juice caused a loss in reactor activity. Some off‐flavours were acquired by the wine during processing in the reactors, but this problem was minimised by using reactors containing a mixture of cells ofLeuc. oenosandSaccharomyces cer

ISSN:1322-7130    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00075.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA logistic model was used to describe the removal of water‐soluble carbon from synthetic winery and distillery wastewaters containing14C‐labelled lactic acid and glycerol after their application to the top‐soils of a brown earth and a solod. Decreases in the radioactivity of soil extracts during the first hour after application were ascribed to microbial uptake and adsorption. Oxidative microbial decay was responsible for the removal of the remaining14C of the solution to concentrations of less than 5% of the applied14C, with removal times dependent on the duration of a lag period (when present) and the rate of decay.Soils from existing wastewater disposal sites containing adapted populations of micro‐organisms had shorter lag periods and faster rates of oxidative decay than newly exposed soils. When the loading of organic material was increased, higher concentrations of added14C remained in the soil solution after initial microbial uptake or adsorption, and the lag periods were often prolonged. Their combined effects could not be fully offset by concurrent increased rates of oxidative microbial decay, which overall resulted in longer removal times.The disappearance of extractable14C to concentrations of less than 5% of input14C was used as the basis for determining the minimum times required between successive irrigations with wastewater, which increased in the order of acclimatised solod (0.3–1.4 d)

ISSN:1322-7130    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00076.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFusarium oxysporumwas isolated from roots of declining grapevines of cv Semillon (Vitis viniferaL.) in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales. The pathogenicity of the fungus was confirmed by infecting grapevines growing in the glasshouse with material obtained from roots of field‐grown vines. The symptoms of the infection on the plants and the effect of the fungus on the roots are describe

ISSN:1322-7130    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00077.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe incidence of grapevine bunchstem necrosis (BSN) in cv. Cabernet Sauvignon was assessed in three South Australian regions during three years. The percentage of bunches affected varied widely—from nil to 26%‐between years and regions. At the site with most BSN, high incidence was related to lower temperatures during 20 days before flowering and not to low temperatures during flowering. Also, incidence was higher when rain fell during veraison. Minimally pruned vines had significantly less BSN than spur‐pruned vines in each of the three test

ISSN:1322-7130    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00078.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY