ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Regional brain metabolism was determined by positron emission tomography for normal subjects while they performed auditory discrimination, received somatosensory stimulation, or rested. Higher metabolic rates were found in regions of the right middle prefrontal cortex and lower metabolic rates were found in the anterior cingulate and superior posterior parietal cortices of subjects performing auditory discrimination. Furthermore, a direct relationship was observed between metabolic rates in the middle prefrontal cortex and the accuracy of a subject's auditory discrimination, suggesting that this brain region is an important determinant of sustained attention. The somatosensory condition, i.e., receiving 35 min of “meaningless” intermittent electric shock, a condition that has been previously used to study frontal cortex activation in psychiatric disorders, was not associated with generalized activation of the frontal cortex. The higher metabolic rates in the inferior prefrontal cortex and in regions of the temporal cortex observed with shock may relate to habituation, extinction, or inhibition of response.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study focused on the ability of violent patients to control their violence in a new, structured environment. Patients who continued to be assaultive after transfer to a special ward for the management of violent behavior were compared with patients who refrained from assault and nonviolent controls. The patients who continued to be assaultive showed a high incidence of neurological impairment and deviant early family environment. They had evidenced a generalized pattern of disturbed behavior that included, besides violence, suicide at-tempts and drug abuse. The assaultive patients who responded to the new environment showed a moderate incidence of neurological impairment and had a family environment that was similar to the control group. Suicide attempts and drug abuse were not common in that group. Both assaultive groups had a higher incidence of violent crime than did the control group.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

One hundred patients with persistent tardive dyskinesia (TD) manifested five principal tardive syndromes: classic TD, tardive dystonia, tardive akathisia, tardive Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), and tardive complex (simultaneous presence of three or more movement disorders). Evidence of classic TD was present in all but three cases observed in this series, and in 54% it was the only tardive movement disorder. Forty-six percent of the patients had an alternate more prominent tardive syndrome. Twenty-six cases of tardive dystonia were observed: 11 with segmental torsion dystonia (most commonly manifested by nuchal and trunkal dystonia), 13 with cranial dystonia (manifested as blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, and laryngospasm), and two with both. Tardive akathisia was present in 18 cases, and tardive GTS was present in five cases. The study emphasizes the diverse expression of tardive movement disorders.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We investigated the association between human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and schizophrenia. Fifty-three Caucasian schizophrenic inpatients were tissue-typed. Subjects were tested for 23 type A, 43 type B, four type C, and 10 type DR HLA antigens. Comparison of the schizophrenic group to a group of 114 healthy, Caucasian, potential kidney donors revealed a significantly greater prevalence of two HLA antigens, A 1 and B37, in the schizophrenics. We derived a relative risk for schizophrenia of 2.07 with HLA-A 1 present and 6.88 with HLAB37 present. The antigen combination, Al-B37, while uncommon, was significantly more prevalent in schizophrenics than controls, with a relative risk of 15.87 for schizophrenia with HLA Al-B37 present. Possible mechanisms of association include linkage of HLA genes to loci that code for schizophrenia, mediation of an immune response resulting in schizophrenia, and the interaction of HLA surface antigens on neurons in neurotransmission.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

While depression is quite common in Parkinson's disease (PD), its se-verity varies widely among patients. Some studies found that severity of depression increases with severity of PD, which suggests that depression may be a secondary reaction to disease; others found no such relationship and argue that depression is an endogenous feature of PD. We found this variability to be related to specific subgroups of patients with PD. Previous research has shown that patients with a predominance of tremor tend to have milder clinical disease and less intellectual impairment compared to those with a predominance of rigidity or bradykinesia. Our data suggest that these subtypes of PD may be further distinguished by the presence or absence of depression, since those with a predominance of tremor were also significantly less likely to be depressed.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We present a procedure for quantitation and topographic display of behavioral data related to regional brain function obtained in standard neuropsychological testing. The algorithm applies theoretical probability weightings to actual test scores. The weightings reflect the likelihood that damage in given regions causes deficits on each neuropsychological measure. Initial testing of the algorithm in clinical cases is presented. There was consistency between the “behavioral images” and the location of the lesion in two patients with unilateral cerebral infarcts. For a pair of twins with Alzheimer's disease the image of the more impaired twin showed greater bilateral involvement. The results encourage further evaluation of the potential of this algorithm for clinical and research use, particularly as a tool for comparing behavioral and neuroimaging data.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Sixty-six-year-old male monozygotic (MZ) twins with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) were evaluated with standard neuropsychological and psychiatric procedures. Brain anatomy was assessed by x-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and local cerebral glucose metabolism was determined by positron emission tomography (PET). Both patients had a 2–3 year history of impaired functioning. However, Twin A was more impaired clinically and showed greater atrophy on CT and MRI scans. Neuropsychologically, both twins had deficits in memory and abstract reasoning, with less impairment in verbal abilities. Twin A was more impaired overall, with bilateral deficits in tactile functions and a left hemi-inattention. Twin B exhibited right-sided sensorimotor deficits. Both twins had decreased metabolic rates and differences in regional metabolism paralleled patterns of behavioral deficits. These findings highlight the utility of using MZ twins to examine functional and structural concomitants of disease against an identical genetic background.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is an acute self-limited organic amnestic syndrome of uncertain etiology. Some cases of TGA have been reported to occur in the context of a psychological stressor, a characteristic also associated with hysterical amnesia (HA). In this article, examples of emotionally incited TGA and HA are presented and discussed, with particular attention paid to their clinical differentiation. Currently favored etiologic hypotheses regarding TGA are reviewed with consideration to their value in explaining the phenomenon of emotionally provoked TGA. The novel hypothesis is presented that this variety of TGA may represent dysfunction within the benzodiazepine receptor system. Benzodiazepine administration in human subjects closely mimics naturally occurring TGA, and this system is therefore considered a likely candidate for an interface between emotional stressors and perturbation of the neuropharmacologic sub-strata of short-term memory.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID