摘要:

SummaryPrevious research has suggested that links between autonomic nervous system functioning and violence are strongest in those who come from benign home backgrounds, but there appears to be no similar research using brain-imaging measures of central nervous system functioning. It was hypothesized that murderers who had no early psychosocial deprivation (e.g., no childhood abuse, family neglect) would demonstrate lower prefrontal glucose metabolism than murderers with early psychosocial deprivation and a group of normal controls. Murderers from a previous study, which showed prefrontal deficits in murderers, were assessed for psychosocial deprivation and divided into those with and without deprivation. Murderers without any clear psychosocial deficits were significantly lower on prefrontal glucose metabolism than murderers with psychosocial deficits and controls. These results suggest that murderers lacking psychosocial deficits are characterized by prefrontal deficits. It is argued that among violent offenders without deprived home backgrounds, the “social push” to violence is minimized, and consequently, brain abnormalities provide a relatively stronger predisposition to violence in this group.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThe authors examined interhemispheric memory transfer in 32 patients with lateralized temporal lobe complex partial epilepsy (15 right onsets, 17 left onsets). Visually presented verbal, nonverbal, and two types of dually encodable stimuli were displayed during amobarbital anesthesia, and recognition memory was tested with verbal and nonverbal (pointing) response modalities. No relationship was found between the material specificity of stimuli and response modality. The only significant findings were for poorer recognition memory after injection of the hemisphere contralateral to the seizure focus. Visual information presented predominantly to one hemisphere during anesthesia is available to the other hemisphere for recognition memory on clearing.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThe authors examined the relationship between neuronal densities, glial cell densities, and the glial cell/neuron ratio in the CA1 and CA4 hippocampal subfields and preoperative and postoperative memory function in 47 patients who had undergone a temporal lobectomy (23 right, RTL; 24 left, LTL) for the relief of medically intractable epilepsy. The LTL group performed more poorly than the RTL group on a list learning and story recall task, preoperatively and postoperatively. Both the RTL and LTL groups performed more poorly on the story recall task postoperatively. In the LTL group, neuronal densities in the CA1 subfield were significantly correlated with the preoperative scores on the immediate (r= 0.53,p< 0.01) and delayed (r= 0.53,p< 0.01) recall of the story. There were no significant correlations in the LTL group between the CA1 and CA4 cell counts and Verbal IQ or scores on a measure of naming ability. None of the cell density measures in the CA1 and CA4 subfields were significantly correlated with the preoperative neuropsychological test scores in the RTL group. Postoperative decline in verbal recall was associated with the excision of a relatively intact left hippocampus, with high neuronal and low glial cell densities in the CA1 subfield. The excision of a relatively intact right hippocampus was also associated with a postoperative deterioration in verbal recall.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryA series of 45 patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with no or only marginal neurologic impairment and 36 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were examined with the German Freiburger Personality Inventory–Revised. Both groups showed a comparable frequency of psychologic impairments, except that the patients with COPD had significantly higher scores in the FPI-R bodily complaints and bodily concern subscales (p< 0.05). In the patients after SAH, loss of motivation (42%), abnormal introversion (40%), increased emotional lability (38%), and strain (31%) were found predominantly. The patients after SAH of unknown origin exhibited psychologic disturbances comparable with patients after aneurysmal SAH. A ruptured aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery did not lead to more psychologic disorders than aneurysms at other locations. Right frontal and right parietal infarctions were associated with significantly less emotional sensitivity (p= 0.013) and bodily concern (p< 0.001). The results demonstrate a substantial discrepancy between the prevalence of psychologic maladjustment and the moderate degree of functional impairment in patients after SAH, which remains to be explained by future research.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThough familial vascular leukoencephalopathy was described two decades ago, recent studies focus on a disorder termed Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), a dominantly inherited disorder causing recurrent strokes and eventual dementia. The phenotypic boundaries of CADASIL remain indistinct and novel clinical features continue to arise in the literature. However, the associated histopathology is fairly consistent, typically demonstrating granular thickening of cerebral arterioles. The authors evaluated a 38-year-old man who suffered from progressive change in personality and intellect. His father, paternal aunt, and older sister had succumbed to a similar disorder. The authors examined relatives from three generations, including another sister with transient focal symptoms followed by persisting psychiatric disorder, and reviewed the radiographic studies from the propositus and his siblings. All the siblings showed diffuse white matter signal change on magnetic resonance imaging. Brain biopsy from the propositus revealed normal cortex and white matter but granular sclerosis of leptomeningeal arterioles. While the family's illness likely represents another instance of CADASIL, their presentation is unique because neuropsychiatric disorders predominate over focal ischemic symptoms.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThe authors report a 63-year-old man with a history of brief isolated manic episodes who became persistently hypomanic after a small right thalamic infarct. Detailed behavioral and neuropsychologic assessment were performed 18 months after the stroke and revealed a prosopoaffective agnosia as the foremost cognitive disorder, i.e., an impairment in the identification of emotional facial expressions with preserved discrimination of facial identity. Difficulties in reasoning on humorous material and other signs of mild right hemisphere dysfunction were present, but other perceptual, frontal, and abstract-reasoning cognitive functions were unimpaired. Prosopoaffective agnosia has not been reported previously in thalamic lesions or in primary or secondary mania. The authors discuss the hypothetical relationships between a right hemisphere deficit in processing emotions and relapsing of the patient's hypomanic behavior.

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-878X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID