摘要:

Summary (The meaning of population in statistics).The general opinion, that a population consists of a number of objects of observation is shown to be incorrect.It is pointed out that a series of similar individual discriminations of observation has to be called a populatio

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1946.tb00596.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary (The minimum costs of living at The Hague in December 1946).Standards are given for the minimum costs of living in December 1946 for families of different composition and different gross wages.Fig. 1 shows the family income as a percentage of the necessary expenses.In Fig. 2 a specification is given of the total expenses for families with respectively 0, 2 and 4 children and for single persons not living with their families.The expenses are divided into: A. taxes and insurance, B. costs of food, C. costs of housing, D. repairs of clothes etc., E. procuring of new clothes and household utilities.SamenvattingIn onderstaand overzichtje geven wij nu voor ieder gezinstype het inkomen, excl. kinderbijslag, dat nodig isa.om de minimaal noodzakelijke kosten te kunnen dekken enb.om bovendien ook de boven beschreven niet‐minimaal noodzakelijke uitgaven te kunnen doen.Wanneer we de niet‐minimaal noodzakelijke kosten buiten beschouwing laten en alleen de dekkingspercentages bezien, zoals dezr uit fig. 1 af te laten zijn, dan zien we, dat ondanks de onlangs verhoogde kinderbijslag ook thans nog vele gezinnen niet in staat zijn om aan hun meest dringende verplichtingen te voldoen.Dat dit aanleiding geeft tot zeer ongewenste toestanden zal iedereen duidelijk zijn. In vele gezinnen toch zullen bonnen, welke niet gerealiseerd kunnen worden, te gelde gemaakt worden. Dit geldt in het bijzonder voor snoepbonnen, extra bonnen voor kinderen (zoals voor sinaasappelen en eieren) enz.Dit rapport wil niet de pretentie hebben aanwijzingen te geven hoe hierin verandering gebracht kan worden. Wij stelden ons slechts ten doel door het publiceren van concrete gegevens de aandacht te vestigen op de financiele nood, waarin duizenden zich bevinden ten gevolge van de wanverhouding tussen lonen en prijzen.Daarnaast meenden wij goed te doen door richtlijnen te geven voor de besteding van het inkomen, in het bijzonder voor zover dit betreft de posten voeding en nieuwe aanschaf.Men dient echter steeds voor ogen te houden, dat deze richtlijnen zéér ruim genomen moeten worden. Er zullen vele factoren zijn, die een afwijking van de gegeven verdeling nodig of gewenst zullen maken. Zo zal het bij de uitgaven voor nieuwe aanschaf van belang zijn of men al dan niet oorlogsslachtoffer is.Voorts zal men ook rekening dienen te houden met een verhoging van de post voeding bij toekenning van extra‐rantsoenen voor langdurige, zware of zeer zware arbeid.Ten slotte verdient het vermelding, dat behalve van de in het literatuur‐overzicht genoemde publicaties, speciaal voor de post voeding gebruik werd gemaakt van gegevens van het Voorlichtingsbureau van de Voedingsraad te s

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1946.tb00597.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary (Statistical quality control as an economic problem I).A discussion is given about the application of 100 inspection and inspection by sampling. The choice between these two methods has to be based upon economic principle

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1946.tb00598.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary (Long range weather forecasts. II The correlation ellipses).The description of the method for determination of long range weather conditions, as presented by the Kon. Ned. Meteorologisch Instituut at De Bilt, is continued.The formulae lead to the construction of socalled correlation ellipses which are of great use to find the best new variables to be added in order to improve correlation. The calculus is very simplified by this method, which deals with the complicated correlation phenomena; reliable results can only be obtained by careful applicatio

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1946.tb00599.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary (Construction of chance ellipses in a correlation diagram).Chance ellipses in a correlation diagram are calculated from the formula of the normal correlation surface (the chance ellips P contains the area of the correlation diagram, where P% of the observations are found). The construction of these ellipses is explicated. A table with factors to construct the ellipses for different values of P is adde

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1946.tb00600.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary (The treatment of field experiments by Knut Vik's method).Agriculturists and statisticians have studied the problem, how to free the yields in a field experiment from the inequality of the soil. The method of the analysis of variance, due to the English statistician R. A. Fisher has taken an important place in the study of field experiments, so that other methods fell in the background.The Norwegian agriculturist Knut Vik has suggested a method, which leads to good results without complicated calculations and without the knowledge of a great part of the mathematical statistics.The mathematical foundation of this method is discussed in this article, which concludes, that the method of Knut Vik is of great importance for agriculturists, who don't want to perform intricate calculation

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1946.tb00601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary (Post scriptum by the Editor).In the case of a55square the method of Knut Vik is essentially the sanu. as a F ishe r‐design with 6 suffices, 2 for rows and columns, 2 for the diagonal series and 2 for symmetric Knut Vik‐arrangements, where each row is moved two places to the left and to the right respectively, with respect to the previous row. The 16 D.F. for rows, columns and diagonal series are eliminated, while one of the Knut Vik‐arrangements is used for treatments and the other for error, both with 4 D.F. It might be advantageous to eleminate not only rows and columns, but also the diagonal

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1946.tb00602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary (Evaluation of a regression by means of orthogonal polynomials).In our mathematical‐statistical literature the use of orthogonal polynomials in evaluating a regression is scarcely known.The authors give a brief description of this method, which reduces the labour of calculation involved in economical‐ or biological‐statistical investigations. Orthogonal polynomials are so constructed, that the terms are independent from? each other, so that each coefficient of regression can be computed independently from the others. The method is illustrated by an example of price‐statistics (apples), published by M. D. Woodin in Bulletin761, 1941of the Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Station. It must be emphasized that evaluation is relevant only for values lying within the range of observation, so that extrapolation is most speculative; moreover the evaluation is only possible if the independent variables are equally spaced. In other cases interpolation is

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1946.tb00603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary (The reliability of 100% inspection).The article of Mr, Enters on The reliability of 100% inspection in the first issue of Statistica is critizised.The criterion of goodness of control as the sum of the coefficients of correlation between the measurements of the individual inspectors and each of their colleagues does not agree with the everyday use of that criterion, i.e. the correlation between the observed' and the real diameters etc. Nor is this criterion identical with the Spearman criterion of saturation coefficients.Some suggestions are given for solution of the problem, e.g. psychotechnical testing the inspectors, analysis of the frequency curves of their measurements and computation of the coefficients of correlation between the measurements of each inspector and the corresponding average measurements of all inspector

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1946.tb00604.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary (Post scriptum by Mr. Enters).Spearman s saturation coefficient which is computed from correlation coefficients between series of measurements by several inspectors may be used to express the capacity of these inspectors for massinspection only if a systematic bias in their results may assumed to be not existing or is accounted for. As an example it is shown that the differences between the means of the measurements by the inspectors mentioned in the previous article (Statistica I, pag. 40) are not significan

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1946.tb00605.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY