ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1960.tb01027.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryOrder and disorderOrder is a quite definite notion as long as it means a special kind of order. Disorder in the sense of absence of any order is a vague notion. Statistical notions do not depend on notions like order and disorder. Instead of disorder independency is the fundamental statistical notion. Statistical independency can be obtained by creating disorder. But pseudo‐random‐material shows that it can also be obtained by suitable strictly causal methods. It is not possible to test whether a given material is produced by stochastic devices. It is dangerous to try disorder as a null hypothesis in order to refute it by showing some regularities in the underlying material. This is shown by analyzing of statistical sham proofs for the impossibility of generatio spontanea, such as tried by some biologi

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1960.tb01028.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryOrder and disorderThe degree of order and of disorder are defined such that they are complementary and, each, vary between 0 and 1. Examples are given in problems of human life, of his community (with anarchistic and totalitarian extremes); also in thermodynamics (entropy) and information theory. In the latter problems the statistical quantityappears; it has quite the same meaning in both cases: the quantity of statistically weighted alternatives. The relation to entropy and to quantity of selective information is discussed. The degree of order 1 (degree of disorder 0) appears if this statistical quantity is 0, one of the p(i) being equal to 1 („frozen” or „pure” state). The degree of order 0 (degree of disorder 1) appears if this quantity is log n, all p(i) being equal to 1/n. The degree of disorder is equal toIn information theory the degree of order is identical i=1 with redundancy. Order/disorder problems in patterns are related to Mark off chains of higher order and are not discuss

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1960.tb01029.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummarySome mathematical remarks on information theryThis paper is the eleboration of a lecture given by the author at the “Statistische Dag 1960”. It contains the definitions of entropy and amount of information as given by Shannon, some remarks on their interpretation, and their generalizations to abstract probability spaces. Some remarks are made on the mathematical problems arising from these definitions.Shannon's definition is compared with the concept “instrinsic accuracy” or information used in statistics that was defined by Fisher. Some properties these different kinds of “information” have in common ar

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1960.tb01030.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryRandom associations of points on a graphLet be given a graph consisting of n points, numbered from 1, …, n, and mijjoins between points i and j. From this graph r points are chosen at random. This paper deals with the properties of a statisticx, being the number of joins between chosen points. Applications are considered to a test for randomness, and to the order‐disorder problem.Analogous results for other statistics and also for the case in which the points are sampled independently of each other, are announced. These results are described in Bloemena, (19

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1960.tb01031.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryPlanning as a tool to achieve order from disorderIn many factories the question arises how to obtain the highest degree of occupation of the machines. This problem is often complicated by the fact that the time of flow through is very valuable, not on account of the direct costs as room, interest and risk, but with a view to the possibility to offer a short time of delivery for the products.This paper deals with the question how the time of flow through can be shortened by creating order in the supply of materials to the relatively expensive and highly occupied machines.

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1960.tb01032.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAn investigation on the influence of a dosage of 2 mg vitamin K1in premature infantsAn investgation is described, which was designed to answer two questions: 1) whether a dosage of 2 mg vitamin K1applied to premature infants is sufficient to warrant a rapid decrease of the prothrombintime during the first days of life, and 2) whether the dosage is innocuous with regard to the bilirubin content of the blood and the possibility of nuclear jaundice.

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1960.tb01033.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryOrder and disorder in medical statisticaIn this lecture the author of the publication „Evaluation of medical data from hospitals” dealt with some problems of medical statistics in hospitals.In the medical sphere there is a lack of interest in medical statistics, because the view‐point of the statistician is so different from the usual view‐point of the clinician. It will be necessary to create a chair in medical logistics in order to increase the knowledge of the physicians on the subject of construction and furnishing of hospitals and consulting‐rooms, of administrative systems, of statistical problems, of efficiency and economics, etc.The medical and hospital organisations will have to consider the need for a central body for the creation of a uniform medical registration. Research workers need expert help from statisticians in order to be able to draw statistically sound conclusions from their findings; a special organisation might be indispensable to provide this kind of help.It is hoped that in this way it will be possible to reduce the lack in hospital statistics which is existing in the Ne

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1960.tb01034.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryOrder—Disorder—Statistics1.Disorder in statistics, which is orderly in virtue of its function, will always occur, since it is the work of men.2.What statistics are useful depends on the Social‐historical period in which we live. A source of disorder may be the continuance of statistical investigations that belong to former periods.In our century the available means for socio‐economic statistics should be used in the first place for statistics which are serviceable for systematic planning.3.Nowadays the importance of statistics for this planning is overestimated. It is not given to man to predict the future with certainty. Also statistics depend on experience, on what is happening empirically. Taking decisions with regard to systematic planning and bearing the risks involved in beyond the scope of the stati

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1960.tb01035.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryResidual terms—a source of ordered information in regression analysisAlthough in regression analysis residual terms seem to represent chaos, they can be used to complement the original hypothesis in a theoretically acceptable way. This is demonstrated with an example: the construction of a wage rate equation for the Dutch economy 1923—1938 and 1949—1957. Extrapolation of the equation for the years 1958 and 1959 and its application to the United States economy 1931—1958 provide a primiti

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1960.tb01036.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY