摘要:

AbstractOptimally, the total radiation dose, over-all treatment time, and fractionation should be individualized for every tumour on the basis of histology, the number of malignant cells, the percentage of anoxic cells, and the kinetics of that particular tumour.The histological variety within the epithelial tumours does not affect radiosensitivity. Dose-response curves obtained clinically are shown for subclinical disease in the lymphatic areas. Correlation is attempted between the volume of cancer and the doses necessary to obtain a high percentage of controls. It is shown that, depending upon the anatomical site and the clinical variety of the cancer, the doses and treatment times may be different.Reoxygenation during treatment has been considered necessary to explain the control of human cancers by irradiation. The percentage of controls of very large, poorly vascularized tumour masses irradiated with long treatment times compared with shorter treatment times suggests that reoxygenation may be a factor.Some reflections are made on the repopulation potential of malignant cells by comparing results obtained with the split-course technique versus 850 rads weekly dosage rate.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-46-541-1

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn controlled trials using the hyperbaric oxygen chamber in the radiotherapy of carcinoma of the bladder, no benefit was found in a series of 40 patients treated using 30 fractions and a total dose of 6,000 R and in a series of 27 patients treated using 15 fractions and a total dose of 4,725R.In an uncontrolled trial in advanced cases using six fractions and a maximum tissue dose of 3,600 R results seemed improved despite the selection of cases.A new trial comparing this six-fraction technique with multiple fractions in air is now being carried out. Similar trials are being performed in a number of radiotherapy centres and it is planned to pool results so as to obtain a significant result at an early time.In the work reported, doses have been quoted in R units; the absorbed dose can be obtained by multiplying stated values by 0·97.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-46-541-13

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMuch of the advance in the radiotherapy of Hodgkin's disease has resulted from an increased understanding of the progress of the disease. Neither its origin, nor subsequent spread in the early stages are random, and these observations have led to conjectures as to the mode of spread of Hodgkin's disease. Currently there are two main concepts, one advocated by Rosenberg and Kaplan (1966); Kaplan (1970; 1972) and the other by Smithers (1970). Both concepts give rise to predictions about the course of the disease and these are compared with the observed lymph-node involvements. The hypothesis advocated by Smithers (1970) enables calculations to be made forecasting the complete pattern of involvement in the major lymphnode regions. It is shown that such discrepancies which do arise between the predicted pattern and the observed pattern of involvement are accounted for if allowance is made for secondary influences, such as preferential spread in the direction of lymph flow or distance between sites of involvement, which perturb the pattern predicted solely from the relative susceptibilities of the involved sites.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-46-541-18

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The arrangement of this volume is similar to that of the previous two volumes in the series, which dealt with the brain and the heart and lungs. As before, the clear anatomical drawings and cross-sectional diagrams are a valuable feature of the book.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-46-541-23

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNeutrograms of patients are being taken during the course of radiotherapy with the fast neutron beam from the MRC cyclotron. A combination of industrial X ray film with radiographic salt screens is used so that the cassette can be left in position during most (or all) of a treatment. Fogging by scattered neutrons and γ rays is reduced by use of a patient-film separation of 20 cm.Bone is practically invisible on neutrograms which show only the contrast between tissue and air spaces. It is doubtful, however, whether this fact would enable any anatomical information to be visualized which could not be shown with X rays using a suitable kV and projection. Fundamental problems in the diagnostic use of neutron radiography are the insensitive imaging techniques, leading to high dosage to the patient, and increased mottle in neutron pictures.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-46-541-24

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMeasurements of liver area on antero-posterior99Tcmsulphur colloid scans in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) showed reduction in liver size in six of the 33 patients and enlargement in three. By contrast, liver area was normal or increased in all 20 patients with severe acute hepatitis without encephalopathy. The serum bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase were not significantly different between the two groups but there was greater prolongation of the prothrombin time in the FHF patients. All six patients with reduction of liver area on the initial scan died but neither the finding of a normal or enlarged liver area on admission nor serial liver scans were helpful in assessing the prognosis of an individual patient. Peak activity over the liver was sometimes higher than normal, possibly due to shrinkage of the liver with approximation of the Kupffer cells.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-46-541-30

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMultisection tomography has been used in over 40 patients to localize intraocular foreign bodies. The technique described and the method of determining the position of the foreign body in three planes is illustrated. The apparatus requirement for this technique consists of a linear tomograph and a small 45 deg. set square arranged vertically on a lead base. This is set in position in front of the patient's eye during the exposure, and serves as a calibrator for the tomograph. In practice the method has given accurate results and has been found particularly useful for intraocular localizations in the presence of multiple foreign bodies

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-46-541-34

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA paradoxical increase in the radiographic cardiac size during inspiration has been observed in children with pectus excavatum. The mechanism and implication of this phenomenon are discussed.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-46-541-38

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractVascular radiology of the rat was undertaken to study the feasibility of various diagnostic procedures for the demonstration of liver and renal anatomy. Wedged retrograde hepatic venography could not be performed. The demonstration of the hepatic veins occurred only in shocked animals or after pericardial puncture.The venous system of the rat could be visualized from a penile vein injection and this could be repeated at frequent intervals. By this means the arterial system was shown moderately well using simple radiographic apparatus. For the best demonstration of the arterial system a left-sided cardiac puncture was required, but this procedure was neither reliable, repeatable nor safe.The size, shape, calibre, and position, of various components of the venous and arterial systems are described and illustrated as seen radiographically. Further improvements in their visualization should be possible by using more powerful and sophisticated equipment.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-46-541-43

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFourteen fistulae were recorded from approximately 7,000 barium examinations seen over the past six years, an incidence of 0·2 per cent. These were six vaginal fistulae, five vesical. one ileocolic, and two gastro-colic. The incidence of intestino-vaginal fistula is 0·08 per cent. These six cases are described. The radiological investigations and findings are discussed, and the value of water-soluble contrast examinations is stressed. It is important to appreciate the high incidence of associated fistulae. The finding of a “lateral pouch” beside the rectum in the frontal projection is an indication of vaginal filling, and to the author's knowledge has not previously been described. The early recognition of the “lateral pouch” will allow the examiner to delay further filling and take appropriate early films so as to prevent overfilled loops obscuring the origin of the fistula.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-46-541-48

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY