摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were performed to explore further the relationship between the cortical slow potential change known as the “contingent negative variation” (CNV) and the concept of “expectancy.”In Experiment I, 24 maleSs were presented click pairs, with inter‐click intervals of 800, 1600 and 4800 msec (2 blocks of 10 trials each, counterbalanced betweenSs for order), and instructed to press a key after the second click. Interval by order by trials analysis of variance showed interval to be the only significant factor: CNVs were lower and RTs longer as interval increased.In Experiment II, 8 femaleSs given 60 pairs of clicks, 30 each with separations of 1200 and 2400 msec, were instructed to respond as in Experiment I, and were asked to make a pretrial prediction of the interval they would next receive. Analysis of variance of RTs showed thatSs responded slower when the interval was other than that predicted. Prediction by reception by subjects analysis of variance of CNV amplitude at the 1200 msec point gave a significantFonly for prediction, mean amplitude forshortbeing higher than forlong. A similar design applied to CNV amplitudes at both the 1200 and 2400 msec points whenSs received thelonginterval yielded a significant measurement point by interval predicted interaction; at the 1200 msec point,shortpredictions were followed by higher CNVs than werelongpredictions; at 2400 msec, the opposite was found.These data combine with those already in the literature to indicate that the relationship between “expectancy” and the CNV is far from simple, and that cognitive and motivational factors play a significant role in determining

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02833.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe heart rate (HR) response to five intensities of sound was examined in 18 subjects and to five intensities of light in 12 subjects. Each subject was tested on four occasions at monthly intervals. After covariance adjustment, significant acceleration to sound was found within the first 5 beats after stimulus onset but no significant deceleration occurred. There were no differences between testings. Individuals’ HR acceleration was reliable over testings and differing experimental contexts. No habituation occurred and no consistent relationship between HR response and ego strength was found. There was no significant HR response to light stimulation. The results were discussed in relation to Graham and Clifton's (1966) hypotheses concerning the relationship of the HR response to the orienting reflex (OR

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02834.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSympathetic activity (SA) was reduced when a cognitive task was imposed during an ongoing response to cold pressor. However, this reduction effect was not obtained when CP was imposed 40‐sec after the onset of a cognitive task. Rather the response level appeared to be about that which would have been obtained from cold pressor alone. These results suggest that the reduction found in the former situation is not the result of distraction due to cognitive activityper se, as we had previously proposed, but it is the initial SA resulting from presentation of the cognitive task that causes the interaction. This suggests that the competition occurs at a level below that of cognitio

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02835.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to measure the reliability of scoring all‐night EEG sleep records. To determine the amount of inter‐rater agreement of scoring EEG sleep stages, 28 raters from 14 different sleep laboratories scored the same 398 minute sleep record.Statistical analyses showed varying amounts of inter‐rater agreement across sleep stages with St. REM showing the highest reliability and delta stages the least inter‐rater agreement. A comparison of raters with High, Medium, and Low experience revealed lower within‐group variability for Stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 for the more experienced raters.It was concluded that increased reliability and comparability of results could be obtained readily by increased standardization of recording techniques and scoring

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02836.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study attempted to determine whether a prior period of “stress” would elicit the sensitization reaction of the skin to topically applied chemical agents. A subthreshold concentration of 1‐chloro‐, 2‐4, dinitrobenzene (DNCB) was applied to the skin of 40 guinea‐pigs, 20 of which had been subjected to repetitive electrical shocks throughout the previous 15 minutes. They were examined 24 hours later, and were retested with DNCB at another site after 9 days for signs of delayed sensitization. The stressed animals exhibited a more severe contact‐reaction (p<. 01) after the induction test and also after the

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02837.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper reports the variable conditional effects of a person on the heart rate of nine mongrel dogs. There were three experimental procedures: person present and playing a passive role, person present and playing an active role (petting the dog), and person present and serving as a signal for forthcoming electrical stimulation. The order of presentation of these conditions was counterbalanced with dogs assigned randomly to one of three orders of procedures. Each procedure consisted of 50 trials (exposures to a human). On each trial, the person entered the conditioning room and stood motionless for 40 sec. The petting and shock reinforcements occurred 40 sec after the person entered the room, enabling the study of conditional heart rate changes in the interval from appearance of the person to reinforcement. Heart rate changes varied with the “meaning” of the person, and the rates from high to low were in the order: person serving as a signal for subsequent punishment, person alone, and person serving as a signal for subsequent petting. It was stressed that an experimenter could have marked and varied social‐psychophysiological effects upon the individuals being studied, and that in any experiment it is necessary to properly evaluate these ef

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02838.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn the present study an attempt has been made to assess the relative contributions of arousal and attentional factors affecting the amplitude of the visual evoked cortical potential and reaction time latency. Subjects were studied under the following four conditions: (1) passively watching a small, dim, intermittent flash; (2) reacting to each flash by releasing a lever, thereby giving a reaction time; (3) reacting to each flash within a specified period of time in order to avoid an uncomfortable shock to the fingers; (4) reacting to each flash while receiving occasional unavoidable shock. Statistical analyses revealed that the evoked potentials recorded during the avoidable shock condition (3) were significantly larger than during the other three conditions. Reaction times were routinely shorter during condition 3, followed by the no‐shock (2) and then unavoidable shock (4) condition

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02839.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAutonomic responses were recorded from three groups of subjects as they viewed a sadness‐inducing film, a comedy film, or a control film. Psychological reactions indicated that the stimulus films were effective in eliciting sadness and mirth. Physiologically, sympathetic activation was common to both emotions, with cardiovascular changes being more prominent during sadness and respiratory changes more characteristic of mirth. The relevance of these findings for the investigation of differential physiological patterning during emotion is discussed, and an hypothesis is presented concerning the biological significance of grie

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02840.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn experiment by Nathan and Rice (1966) on the localization of thermal sensations was replicated. The present, somewhat more detailed, results essentially confirm the findings of the earlier authors. Thermal sensations evoked by non‐tactile thermal stimuli can be localized; their localization is less accurate than that of tactile stimuli; and the accuracy of localization increases with increasing intensity of stimulation and sensation. To account for these findings several alternative hypotheses concerning the interaction between thermal and tactile modalities and large and small fiber sensory systems have been suggeste

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02841.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSleep onset following three kinds of evening activities was investigated. These activities were six hours of strenuous physical work, six hours of intensive studying and mental work, and six hours of relaxation, i.e., watching TV, listening to records and reading magazines.Ss were 15 young men, each of whom participated in one activity per night for three non‐consecutive nights.Results showed that studying delayed sleep onset by an average of about six minutes, butSs took similar times to fall asleep after exercise and after relaxation. At the moment of sleep onset, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and peripheral pulse volume all were significantly elevated after exercise, when compared to studying and relaxation. Both of these results combined were interpreted as indicating that the level of physiological, systemic activity is relatively unimportant for sleep onset, while the level of mental stimulation seems to play a more important rol

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02842.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY