摘要:

ABSTRACTFive female students were each tested 5 days a week throughout one menstrual cycle with a 3 day overlap into the next cycle. The autonomic variables reported are: sub‐lingual temperature, heart period, diastolic blood pressure, palmar and volar conductance, salivary output, and log conductance change. These measures were taken in order to estimate autonomic factor scores (Ā).Significant menstrual phase differences in Ā scores and sub‐lingual temperature were demonstrated. The Ā score estimates an autonomic factor for an individual at a particular time; low scores represent relative sympathetic nervous system (SNS) dominance. During menses, the follicular, and the ovulatory phases, Ā scores were higher; during the luteal phase the Ā scores were lowest.It was concluded that high estrogen levels are accompanied by decreased SNS

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00431.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDifferent criteria for orienting and conditioned responses (ORs and CRs) are discussed, and it is proposed that neither latency nor differences between conditioning and sensitization treatments provide adequate solutions to the problem. An additional criterion is proposed based on differences in the slopes of the generalization gradients, i.e. ORs should show rising and CRs falling generalization gradients with increased stimulus change. This criterion was tested for conditioning and sensitization groups in paradigms involving generalization along pitch and temporal continua. It was found that the response to the onset of the conditional stimulus (the CS response) fulfilled the proposed criteria for an OR, while responses in the interval of the unconditioned response on trials where the unconditional stimulus (US) was omitted (post‐US responses) satisfied the criteria for an OR early in training and the criteria for a CR later in training. For the response preceding US (the pre‐US response) no definite conclusion was reached, but the evidence could be interpreted to mean that both OR and CR components participated in that response too. The relationships between these response components and stages of sensory integration and response acquisition of conditioning are discus

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00432.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe study was designed to test Lacey's and Callaway's contention that individuals respond differently to sensory sensitivity tasks under conditions of high and low heart rates. A Bekesy audiometry threshold tracing was obtained from subjects after a period of inactivity and after a period of activity. The results indicated that the subjects' auditory thresholds for the 1000 Hz tone were significantly less acute under the condition of induced higher heart rates. Although the data collected is correlational in nature the possibility that the higher rate results in reduced sensory sensitivity from a causal point of view is suggested. Although Lacey's and Callaway's formulations are not synonymous with the traditional theories of activation, it is highly probable that their formulations may be merely delineating the mechanisms by which extreme arousal results in impaired performance.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00433.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHeart rate (HR) response to simple stimuli apparently changes from an accelerative to decelerative response in the first few months of life. The present study of 4 month old infants showed that response depends on state and on the intensity and rise time of stimuli. The response was solely decelerative in alert infants but in less alert states of increasing agitation or increasing somnolence, deceleration lessened and acceleration appeared. Rapid rise time had an acceleratory effect which was more pronounced during sleep than during the waking state. Results were compared with those obtained to the same stimuli in parallel studies of newborns and adults. It appears that the decelerative response in awakeSs, presumably an orienting response, has a curvilinear relationship to age which cannot be ascribed to differences in initial HR level, state, stimulus intensity, or stimulus rise time.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00434.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn the present experiment the authors investigated whether the previously found influence of exteroceptive stimulation of the extremities on the elicitation of an allergic or secondary reaction of the skin in guinea‐pigs to DNCB is elaborated via the toxic or primary reaction. An influence of the stimulation on the primary reaction was found too.The experiment was conducted in two parts: 1) Two experimental groups were stimulated electrically on different schedules, continuous or repetitive. A 48 hour interval between stimulation and application of DNCB was added. The skin reactions were rated by 4 observers on a 5‐point rating scale. 2) Two experimental groups were stimulated on the same schedules as above. The corticoid levels were measured at different times after stimulation.The experiment showed that the probability of a skin reaction on the allergic (secondary) contact to a threshold dose was greater for the continuously stimulated group than for the control group.Relationships between corticoid levels and skin reactions were discussed. The hypothesis that stimulation has a direct influence on the allergic contact was suppor

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00435.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEysenck's (1967) hypotheses concerning Extraversion, Neuroticism, and physiological reactivity were tested in relation to habituation. A factorial design, varying Extraversion (three levels) and Neuroticism (two levels) was employed: 60 subjects, 10 per cell. Both tonic and response measures of electrodermal activity (skin conductance) were recorded.The results showed: (1) High Neurotics were more reactive than Low Neurotics (for two measures of habituation and total number of responses); (2) Extraversion was inversely related to spontaneous activity; (3) Latency of first response was moderately related (10% level only) both to Neuroticism (inversely) and to Extra‐version (directly); (4) Tonic conductance measures failed to discriminate between groups; (5) Measures which discriminated between personality groups were inter‐correlated.Since the measures taken were related to both Extraversion and Neuroticism, the findings do not support Eysenck's prediction that these measures are related to Extraversion al

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00436.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTComputer analysis of EEG data, recorded under both resting and work conditions following smoking, was compared to the appropriate control data in 6 male subjects. Following digitizing, a Power Spectral Analysis was performed which revealed significant reductions in the peak alpha frequency component up to 20 min following smoking, during a visual task. Eyes open resting data showed a similar but not significant loss, after 8 min. No indications of increased fast activity were found. These results were related to comparable work on animals and humans. A suggestion was made as to the relevance of these changes.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00437.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTRadiotelemetry of the human EKG was obtained to observe for rate alterations during spontaneous cigarette smoking. Ten subjects were observed for a total of 26 hours during which time 50 cigarettes were smoked. The utilization of telemetry allowed the subjects to continue their usual afternoon behavior. There were no rate changes before, during, or after smoking which could be attributed to the cigarette. These results differ from most previous reports. Telemetry allows for two departures from past designs; subjects were ambulant and smoking behavior was spontaneous (both in initiation and rate). It is suggested that these departures are related to the results of the present study.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00438.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00439.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe problem of reliability in the behavioral experiment appears to be due to the dynamic nature of the subject matter of the behavioral sciences resulting in interactions between the subjects (Ss), the experimenter (E), and the experimental situation (SIT). Both theEandSITelicit varying degrees of nonassessable conformity in theSs' behavior. TheStends to preserve the behavior that the perceives is expected of him—theS's conformity obligation. Just as natural and physical sciences have relied upon inferences built upon many intersecting and overlapping observations (a method calledconverging operationalism), behavioral science could apply this method to resolve the difficulties of theEeffect and the effects of theSIT, since both affect the reliability of the psychological experiment. Empirical factors that determine under what circumstances theEandSITsignificantly affect theS's experimental behavior are reviewe

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00440.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY