摘要:

ABSTRACTThe cardiac deceleration which occurs during the preparatory interval (PI) of a reaction time (RT) task was examined with reference to a facilitatory feedback model in contrast with a model which viewed the response as part of a somatic inhibitory response. Sixty‐three male Ss were run in three independent groups in an RT study. Two groups received 96 trials (divided into blocks of 24) with PIs of 2, 4, 8, and 16 sec presented in a regular series counterbalanced for order. The third group received the same number of trials of each PI in a restricted random order. Heart rate (HR), chin electromyograph (EMG), eye blinks, and eye movements were recorded as dependent variables.Results indicated an orderly, time‐locked decline in EMG, eye blinks and movements, which was closely concomitant with a deceleration in HR during the PI. With some exceptions, the various measures demonstrated similar functional relationships with Group and PI variables. The results failed to differentiate between the feedback and somatic inhibitory models because the only combination of variables which eliminated HR deceleration also eliminated the inhibition of the somatic measures. This fact is consistent with the somatic inhibitory model, but is neutral with respect to the feedback model. Different statistical methods for examining the cardiac‐somatic concomitance were disc

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01749.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTRelations between development of gastric ulceration and changes in motility of the stomach, as recorded by the electrogastrogram (EGG), were studied under conditions whereSs (rats) were exposed to physical (immobilization) and chemical (reserpine) stressors and to the two in combination. Following 36 hrs of the various treatments, all restraint + reserpineSs were ulcerated; 60% of the restraint‐onlySs had lesions; and, only three of ten no‐restraintSs showed gastric damage. The same rank order was obtained for the mean number of lesions per group. There were no significant differences among groups in total acidity of the stomach at autopsy immediately after their experimental treatments. The restraint‐only groups showed a trend toward increased gastric motility during the treatment period, while the restraint + reserpine groups showed a progressive decrease in motility, the divergence leading to statistically significant differences as exposure to the different stressors continued. The results do not support the hypothesis that the experimentally‐produced lesions are related to an increase in gastric acidity; they do support the hypothesis that the ulceration is related to changes in gastric motility, more severe lesions appearing inSs whose motility decreased during the treatment

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01750.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIt has been argued that an important determinant of the cardiac response is the subject's intended transaction with his environment. The present study was designed to investigate whether cardiac deceleration would accompany the solution of a perceptual discrimination problem, whether the degree of cardiac deceleration would be related to the accuracy of the response, and the relationship between general intellectual ability and the cardiac response to the problem. Fifty‐one subjects, 44 months of age, were each given 20 trials of a matching figures task. This task required thatSmatch a figure (called standard) to one of four variations (one of which was identical to the standard). EKG was continuously recorded along with the latency and the accuracy of the response. If the first response was incorrect,Swas asked to choose again.The results indicated: (1) There was a significant cardiac deceleration from the timeSreceived the standard until he made his first choice. If the first response was correct, the cardiac rate, within 1–3 beats, returned to resting level; however, ifSwas told to guess again, the cardiac rate remained decelerated. (2) While accuracy of response was found to be related to the cardiac response, the effect was eliminated when response speed was controlled. (3) The degree of cardiac deceleration was correlated with general intellectual function as measured by a standard IQ test; however, it was significant only for gi

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01751.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present study was designed to investigate the relationship between intra‐and inter‐individual differences in arousal level and performance on both critical flicker fusion frequency and figural reversal tasks. Forty male undergraduateSs were used. Electrical skin conductance was used as the indicant of arousal level. For the intra‐individual comparisons white noise was used to increase theSs’arousal levels. Significant invertedU‐shaped relationships were found between both flicker fusion thresholds and rates of figural reversal and skin conductance between individuals. A significant curvilinear relationship was found between rates of figural reversal and level of conductance within individuals. No significant curvilinear relationship was found between flicker fusion thresholds and level of conductance within in

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01752.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTClinical, psychophysiological, and psychometric measurements were made on 20 normal controls and 30 anxious patients during rest and experimental stress. Resting forearm blood flow, a relatively new physiological index of anxiety, was found to correlate significantly with clinical and subjective ratings of anxiety, and with heart rate, number of spontaneous fluctuations of skin resistance, and amplitude of forearm EMG. It did not correlate significantly with any of the measures of depression. Resting forearm blood flow and heart rate were found to be better measures of arousal in this study than skin resistance, EMG, or cutaneous vasomotor status, since the latter did not show significant differences between anxious patients and normal controls. The psychological traits of the two groups were also assessed by the Maudsley Personality Inventory, Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Zung Depression Scale; and their emotional state evaluated by the Clyde Mood Scale and Semantic Differential Scale. Twenty‐one variables showed significant differences between the two groups. Some of these measures have subsequently been used, with advantage, to monitor emotional changes brought about by psychiatric treatmen

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01753.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSubjects were instructed to attempt identification of feeling states which would keep on a blue light operated by EEG alpha activity. A closed physiologic feedback system was used and no stimuli external to the circuit were employed. A highly significant degree of enhanced alpha activity was achieved in the first practice session, and 60% of the subjects showedspecificityof the response to the light signal situation as compared to the same situation without the light signal. Greatest achievement of enhanced alpha activity appeared to be related to narrowing of perceptual awareness and pleasant feeling states.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01754.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe historical origins and early development of electrodermal research are reviewed in the light of a substantial number of previously unexamined sources. Relevant literature in electrophysiology, neurology, electrodiagnosis, and electrotherapy is examined with regard to the technology and the context of ideas in science and medicine. The first reports of basal skin resistance (BSR) and stimulated skin resistance (GSR) change by Vigouroux and Féré, respectively, are related to their other research and that of other workers. Hermann's early work on the sudomotor system is seen as much more advanced than has been realized, providing a sound basis for theory which the French apparently never noticed. Several additional sources suggest that Tarchanoff's work was performed with awareness of Féré's and was probably not an independent discovery.The growth of the field following “rediscovery” of the GSR by Mueller and Veraguth is seen as a product of interest in indexing “mental events.” The earlier work is seen as conceptually closer to current interest in the phenomena as aspects of the aro

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01755.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwenty‐six subjects were given baseline tests for electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha rhythm presence, and then a period of fifteen minutes to gain insight into mental activity associated with alpha presence and absence, while provided with an auditory feedback loop keyed to the presence of alpha. Sixteen of the subjects worked with eyes closed, and ten, with very high initial alpha baseline scores, worked with eyes open. After the fifteen minute practice period permitting control of alpha through feedback, the subjects were given a trial during which they attempted to produce as much alpha as possible and a trial in which they tried to produce as little as possible. The results indicated significant appropriate change for both the generation and suppression trials. Those who were able to control alpha spontaneously reported mental states reflecting relaxation, “letting go,” and pleasant affect associated with maintaining

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01756.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01757.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn apparatus was developed to study human discrimination performance as a function of the arousal continuum. The apparatus was designed to provideSs with an undemanding, repetitive, and monotonous discrimination task over long periods of time. A functional description and circuit details are given.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01758.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY