摘要:

ABSTRACTRapid eye movements (REMs) in sleep have been postulated to represent ocular activity directly related to the visual imagery of dreaming. In accord with this notion, there have been reports that the physiological characteristics of REMs are identical to those of waking saccades which occur in the absence of visual targets. Contradictory evidence is herein presented establishing that REMs are significantly slower than waking saccades of comparable amplitude, and that this slowdown is greater than can be attributed to either eye closure or to eye movements in total darkness. Furthermore, it is shown that in REM sleep, both small (5.5°) and large (11°) saccade‐like movements generate essentially the same maximal force and have the same velocity for the major portion of their trajectories. In sleep, therefore, there is probably a central inhibition of the saccade‐like REMs, especially of the large amplitude movements, thus leading to an uncoupling of the usual amplitude‐velocity relationship observed in the wakin

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01551.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01552.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn experiment is described in which event‐related potentials (ERPs) of a group of young children were compared with ERPs of a group of young adults. Both groups were required to perform a simple word‐reading task and a picture‐recognition task. Principal components analyses (PCAs) were performed on the averaged ERPs in two different ways: a) separately for each of four combinations of tasks and age groups, and b) separately for each age group (pooled across tasks). The results demonstrated that ERP components of children and adults differed both qualitatively and quantitatively. First, children's ERPs were characterized by a long‐latency negative component (N500) and a slow positive wave (SW) component, and adults’ ERPs were characterized by two late positive components (P340 and SW respectively). Second, both children and adults showed an earlier positive component that varied in peak latency between 280 ms for children and 240 ms for adults. In addition, adults showed a marked increase in SW positivity in the word‐reading task as compared with the picture‐recognition task, while task effects were less manifest in the components of children. These results support the notion that children and adults differed both in speed as well as in their mode of processing under the different task

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01553.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01554.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwenty female narcoleptic patients treated with central stimulants (CS) were studied during vigilance tests and psychophysiological recordings of autonomic functions, after 3 days off CS, and during CS treatment. Results were compared with healthy female subjects. Narcoleptics were lower in Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF), but did not differ in choice reaction time or continuous vernier visual acuity. CS improved CFF in the narcoleptic group. Narcoleptics had lower skin conductance (SC) level, but did not differ from normals in SC spontaneous fluctuations or heart rate. CS did not affect SC level or heart rate in the narcoleptic group, but counteracted the decrease in SC spontaneous fluctuations normally seen over a monotonous experimental session. CS reduced lowfrequency tremor and increased high‐frequency tremor in the narcoleptic group. Comparison with anxiety and psychosomatic patients was also performed.The results of the vigilance tests suggested a specific disturbance of time resolution of stimulus input in narcoleptics, not related to lowered arousal, but alleviated by CS. The psychophysiological findings suggested that narcoleptic patients have a lowered habitual arousal as well as a marked tendency to decreases in phasic arousal. Central stimulants appear to improve only the latte

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01555.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01556.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSpatial patterns of correlation between pairs of electrodes in 15 channels of human scalp‐recorded brain potentials were determined by applying Neurocognitive Pattern (NCP) Analysis to single‐trial EEG data from 9 adults performing a visuospatial task. Spatial patterns of difference in inter‐electrode correlation between “move” and “no‐move’ trials of the task increased in magnitude through four successive 175‐ms wide analysis intervals. Just before stimulus onset, correlations of the midline frontal electrode with lateral central, parietal, and temporal electrodes distinguished the tasks (p<.01). In the interval spanning the N1, P2, and N2 averaged event‐related potential (ERP) peaks, the between‐task contrast was focused at the midline parietal electrode (p<.001), involving correlations of that electrode with temporal, precentral, and frontal electrodes. In the interval centered on the P3a peak, the major focus of difference was at the right parietal electrode, with higher correlation of the right parietal with midline occipital and precentral electrodes in the no‐move task, and with the right central electrode in the move task (p<5 × 10‐5). In the final interval 135 ms later, which included right‐handed response preparation and initiation, the major focus of contrast shifted to the left central electrode, with higher correlation of that electrode with midline frontal and occipital electrodes in the move task, and with the midline parietal electrode in the no‐move task (p<5 × 10‐6). These results are consistent with a distributed network model of neurocognitive function where parallel activity in many neural areas is integrated in a rapidly s

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01557.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwenty‐one college undergraduate subjects were provided discrete trials of visual foreground stimuli with varying interest value while an intense acoustic probe delivered during viewing was used to elicit the startle reflex. The foreground stimuli were 35 mm color slides containing photographs of nude male and female models (high interest) or a common household object (low interest). The results of this experiment, using adult subjects, replicate closely the findings of Anthony and Graham (1983) who studied four‐month old human infants in a similar paradigm. That is, when probe stimuli occurred on an auditory channel, reflex magnitude and onset latency were significantly inhibited while subjects were concurrently processing an attention‐engaging visual stimulus. The successful use of EOG techniques to record the eyeblink component of the startle reflex and capture its sensitivity to the attentional manipulation suggests that the probe startle paradigm may be readily put to use in a wide variety of psychophysiological laborat

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01558.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01559.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn on‐line minicomputer‐based system for determining breath‐by‐breath respiratory gas exchange (oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production), ventilation (tidal volume, respiratory period, and minute ventilation), partial pressures of end‐tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide, and heart rate is described. The system software includes routines for calibration, signal acquisition and processing, and disk storage of breath‐by‐breath data. The software is written in Fortran IV and runs under Digital Equipment Corporation's RT‐11 system monitor. On‐line (real time) computations of breath‐by‐breath data include instantaneous corrections of: 1) expired gas flow for alterations in gas viscosity, and 2) expired gas fractions for gas analyzer response characteristics. Additional programming provides rapid data reduction and averaging over a user‐selected time base. Twelve healthy male volunteers were monitored at rest and during 10‐min bouts of exercise at 300, 600, and 900 kpm · min‐1, and during recovery. Both the transient and steady state alterations in cardiopulmonary response to these exercise tests were found to compare favorably with standard values established in the exercise physiology literature. The sensitivity and accuracy of this method to monitor both phasic and tonic alterations in cardiopulmonary function during stress underscores its suitability for a wide range of ps

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01560.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY