摘要:

ABSTRACTPsychophysiological research has frequently applied autonomic measures as indices of information processing. One rationale which underlies this approach is the distinction between orienting (OR) and defense reflexes (DR). Sokolov (1963) proposed that elicitation of these reflexes depends upon the intensity of the stimulus. He also suggested that ORs and DRs could be differentiated both in terms of their consequences for information processing and by their component autonomic reactions.Evidence in support of Sokolov's model is reviewed, and a series of experiments are described which were designed to demonstrate the effects of auditory stimulus intensity on autonomic responding. On the basis of these observations, a revised scheme of OR/DR differentiation is put forward. The major features of the scheme are the response direction of the autonomic measures, the identification of short‐ and long‐latency response components, and the inclusion of the startle reflex. The implications of the revised scheme for research on autonomic responses to affective stimulation are discussed.It is concluded that the sole use of autonomic measures to index information processing is inadequate. Consequently, future research requires both autonomic indices and behavioral and subjective measures of affective and information process

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00583.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHeart rate is a widely‐used dependent variable in psychophysiological research. A survey of articles published inPsychophysiologyduring 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 revealed wide variation in procedures for obtaining “resting’ measurement of heart rate prior to administration of other stimuli or tasks. Duration of the baseline period at the beginning of 35 reported investigations was negatively correlated (r=−.64) with heart rates. Variations in duration of baseline measurement may influence some kinds of Type II errors such as the likelihood of detecting relative group differences in heart rate during more active stimulus‐presentation or task periods. Alternative procedures (a minimum 15‐min adaptation period prior to assessment, individualization of duration of baseline assessments) ar

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00584.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00585.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effects of stimulus‐response (S‐R) spatial compatibility on reaction time (RT) and P300 component latency were studied, in order to determine whether spatial conflict effects can occur within a single cerebral hemisphere, and whether there are differences between hemispheres regarding such effects. Two choice RT experimental conditions were employed: I) an extrafoveal condition, in which stimuli (small arrows pointing either to the right or to the left) appeared laterally in one visual hemifield, the responses being given with the hand situated on the same side; likewise with the opposite hemifield and hand (cond. I); and II) a foveal condition, in which the same type of stimuli appeared centrally on the fovea, the response being given successively with both hands (cond. II). In either case, the color of the stimuli (cue information) determined which finger (forefinger or ring finger) of the same hand would deliver the response. Thus, the cue was either compatible, or not, with the stimulus orientation (arrows). In each condition, the four possible stimulus combinations, according to direction and color of the arrows, were presented at random.Results showed that: 1) in the extrafoveal condition, S‐R compatibility effects were observed in each single hemisphere, and were reflected both by RT and by P300 latency; 2) both hemispheres reacted in the same way to the spatial conflict; and 3) foveal vision increased the overall effect of the conflict on both P300 latency a

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00586.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00587.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responsiveness of Type A and Type B women during interpersonal and individual, competitive stressors. Extreme groups of Types A and B college‐age women were monitored on heart rate and blood pressure while they engaged in an oral history quiz and the Stroop color/word test. Subjects were also subdivided by presence or absence of family history of coronary heart disease. Types A and B women did not differ on blood pressure levels or reactivity; Type A women did show a trend toward a greater increase in heart rate to the color/word task. Women with a positive family history had higher levels of systolic and a trend toward higher levels of diastolic blood pressure. There were no significant interactions of Type A/B with family history. Our conclusion is that Type A behavior is only very weakly, if at all, associated with physiological responsivity in young adult wome

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00588.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00589.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present study focused on the effects of, and the interactions between, practice and task structure on human performance. The development of automatic processing through consistent stimulus‐response mapping (CM) was assessed by means of measures of reaction time and event‐related brain potentials. The subjects performed a visual search task in which they responded by pressing a button whenever a probe matched a memory set item. The variables manipulated in the study included the number of memory set items (1 or 4), the task structure (CM or VM), and the probability of occurrence of a memory set item (.2 or .8). Set size had a significant effect on RT in both CM and VM conditions prior to practice and in the VM condition following extensive practice. P300 latency mirrored RT, suggesting that the development of automatic processing substantially reduced stimulus evaluation time. The commonly observed relationship between probability and P300 amplitude, with larger P300s elicited by infrequent events, was found in the VM conditions but not in the CM condition after practice. Two different negative components were affected by stimulus mismatch. The N200 component behaved in a similar manner during automatic and controlled processing. However, a late frontally negative component was sensitive to the degree of mismatch only during controlled process

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00590.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00591.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo groups of normotensive, male subjects having either a positive or negative parental history of essential hypertension were exposed to passive body tilt from horizontal to a 70° head‐up posture, while systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart period, and respiration amplitude were sampled on a beat‐by‐beat basis. Subjects also performed mental arithmetic and cold pressor tasks, and cardiovascular reactivity was expressed as change from baseline levels. The body tilt data were analyzed by cross‐spectral analysis focusing on two frequency bands, one between .06‐.1 Hz, and the other at the predominant breathing frequency. The two groups did not differ significantly in their basal levels of physiological activity or in their response to the tasks. Cross‐spectral analysis identified tilt induced changes in the power spectra and coherence spectra within the two frequency bands. These changes differed between the two frequency bands and among the various physiological response systems investigated. Larger rhythmic oscillations in heart period within both frequency bands predicted greater cardiovascular reactivity to the mental arithmetic task but not the cold pressor task. The results are discussed in terms of neural control mechanisms (e.g., vagal tone) implicated in the dynamic regulation of cardiovascular function during psychophysiological states su

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00592.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY