摘要:

ABSTRACTSubjective uncertainty was introduced during discrimination classical conditioning of the skin conductance and vasomotor responses. All 48 college student subjects were informed that one 7‐sec colored light wouldalwaysbe followed by a shock (CS+) while a 7‐sec light of another color wouldneverbe followed by a shock (CS−). After half of the conditioning trials, a novel stimulus (NS) was illuminated (a third color) and remained on. One group was previously informed about the NS while the other group was noninformed. Results of between trial verbal reports and postsession interviews indicated that noninformed subjects experienced more general uncertainty and more uncertainty regarding the CS‐US contingency on the postNS trials than did the informed group. On the trial pair following the NS onset, the short latency electrodermal response (1 to 4.5 sec) of the noninformed subjects increased while the informed subjects maintained a stable level of responding. Evaluation of later postNS trials revealed that the long latency response (4.6 to 7.9 sec) of the noninformed subjects decreased more than for the informed subjects. The decrease for the noninformed subjects was greatest to CS+. No group differences in vasomotor activity were elicited by NS onset. It was concluded that momentary increases in orienting and more sustained decreases in preparatory activity may accompany increases in subjective unce

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01324.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01325.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTo determine whether fluctuations of EEG asymmetry in the human cerebral hemispheres influenced overt performance, 14 male and 14 female subjects were tested in verbal and nonverbal target detection tasks and reaction time (RT) was recorded. RT was longest in both word and pattern tasks when the hand used for responding was contralateral to the hemisphere presumably most relevant to the task. The task variable did not affect EEG asymmetry, but females had lower R/L alpha ratios than males and EEG power increased and frequency decreased over the course of testing in association with decreased RT. RT also varied as a function of EEG asymmetry. In contrast to original expectations, RT was longest to verbal targets when R/L alpha power ratios were highest and longest to nonverbal targets when R/L ratios were lowest. The results were compatible with the notion of an inverted U function relating performance and arousal, and supported previous studies indicating that alpha asymmetry influences overt performance.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01326.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01327.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTone pips separated by a constant 1 sec interval were delivered to 12 subjects. The pips were of three pitches given in a random sequence. The 400 and 1600 Hz pips each had a probability of 0.1 and the 800 Hz pips had a probability of 0.8. For each subject, either the 400 or 1600 Hz pips were designated as targets in a reaction time (RT) task.Stimulus‐synchronized averages (SSAs) to infrequent tones contained two prominent waves: a P3 and a slow wave (SW). SW and P3 amplitudes were larger, and P3 latency was 15 msec shorter, to targets than to non‐targets. SSAs were computed for RT quartiles (Q1–Q4) of each subject. Between Q1 and Q4, P3 amplitude decreased, while SW amplitude increased, demonstrating behavioral and dissociation of the two waves. Between Q1 and Q4, RTs increased from 366 to 540 msec, while P3 latency at Czincreased from 328 to 359 msec. Response‐synchronized averages computed for each RT quartile showed no response‐related deflections that could explain the effects in

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01328.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this investigation was to determine whether parental psychopathology, age, and race affected electrodermal activity (EDA) and to examine relationships between psychopathology and EDA. Children of hospitalized schizophrenic, manic‐depressive, physically ill, and non‐ill (non‐hospitalized) parents were compared on five factors of EDA and one of body movement. The factors were derived from EDA and movement artifact data recorded during a habituation‐conditioning paradigm. Results indicated that parental illness (mental or physical) was not related to EDA, but children of psychotics had more movement during the experimental session than control children. Younger children showed greater responsiveness and more movement than older children. White children had more nonspecific activity than did black children. Significant but low correlations were found between EDA and pathology ratings made on the basis of psychiatric and psychological examinations. If both are prodromal signs of psychiatric illness, then at least within this age range, they appear to be quite different measures of predisposition to psychiatric d

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01329.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTOne difficulty associated with the study of dreams has been the absence of an objective indicator of dreaming in sleep other than REM. This study explores the use of a subjective judgment and instrumental response to mark the occurrence of dreams. Content reports of 8 subjects collected under two conditions were compared. On 2 nights the experimenter determined the time of the awakening and on the other 2 the subject's behavioral response was used as the indicator. The subjects' judgments that they were dreaming proved to be more accurate than was the experimenter's. A single case study of a high NREM responder carried out for 9 nights showed the frequency of NREM dreaming signals to covary with presleep mood.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01330.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01331.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the effects of long‐term alpha‐enhancement training on EEG alpha amplitudes and on experiential states, a 2×2 factorial design was employed with two levels of Sensory Deprivation (high and low) and two of Feedback‐Electrode Placement (O2–F4and Oz–ear). Twelve research participants (3 per cell) engaged in 10 52‐min sessions of eyes‐closed alpha‐enhancement training with proportional auditory feedback of integrated alpha amplitudes. The results led to five major conclusions: 1) even long‐term alpha‐enhancement training (with proportional feedback of alpha strength) does not result in the learned enhancement of alpha strength significantly above optimal eyes‐closed baseline levels; 2) in some cases, alpha‐enhancement training does result in the maintenance of optimal alpha levels; 3) sub‐baseline increases in alpha production during alpha training are most often the result of the gradual dissipation or neutralization of alpha‐inhibitory influences (disinhibition or habituation versus enhancement); 4) the occurrences of unusual experiences during alpha training are partly due to the sensory deprivation conditions of the experimental procedures, and partly due to the effects of suggestion and the experience of success; and 5) alpha feedback from the O2–F4and Oz–ear placements do not have differential effects on EE

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01332.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01333.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY