摘要:

ABSTRACTPersonally significant and non‐significant low intensity sound stimuli were used to determine awakening latencies from sleep stages REM and 2. Latency was measured from stimulus onset to a) the sleeper's own acknowledgement of waking, and b) alpha rhythm onset. Both stimuli were presented twice, once in each sleep stage, to 8Ss. Voluntary response latencies in REM were shorter than in stage2(p<.025) but no difference was found for the latency of alpha rhythm onset. The personally significant stimulus, however, caused a significantly shorter awakening latency using both criteria. The results suggest that perceptual thresholds are low in both sleep stages 2 and REM but that the ability or willingness to organize a response is greater in REM slee

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00815.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe problem of dependence or independence of conditioned autonomic‐somatic responses has deep implications for learning theories and psychosomatic diseases. Recently, Miller (1969) has postulated independent mechanisms for both responses. On the other hand, Obrist et al. (1970) look at these processes in normal subjects as dependently interrelated. In this work, the conditioned heart rate (CHR) was studied during formation of avoidance conditioning in normal cats and in cats with lesions in mesencephalic reticular formation. The results tend to favor the hypothesis of independence of both processe

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00816.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study investigated snake‐fearful subjects' skin conductance, heart rate, and fear ratings to repeated presentations of seascape and snake films (10–13 sec duration). The films sampled three levels of fear intensity and were displayed in ascending, descending, or nonsystematic orders; additionalSs viewed only high‐fear material. A linear relationship with fear intensity emerged for fear ratings, but not for physiological measures. Differences found between orders in patterns of habituation were concordant for cardiac rate and fear ratings; relative to the other orders, the ascending sequence habituated less and displayed sensitization to material of higher fear levels. In all orders, there was marked habituation of physiological responses, especially in the first session. The possible role of adaptation level and implications of the data for desensitization and flooding were

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00817.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBody movements during sleep stages 2 and REM were measured using an artifact method to determine the effects of a tone pulse given every 22 sec, 24 hrs a day, over a period of 30 consecutive days in 10 Navy recruits, aged 19 to 23. The tone pulse produced no significant increase in the number of body movements during stage 2, but it increased body movements in REM sleep to a significant but small (3 movement increase per night) extent. The percentages of body movements observed in the first 7 sec after the tone pulse in sleep stages 2 and REM were significantly higher than those observed during the epochs 8–14 and 15–21 sec, and those observed to the pseudostimulus. The tone pulse used in this study redistributed or regulated the appearance of the body movements to the proximity of the noise, but did not increase the total number of body movements which appeared to be under endogenous cont

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00818.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwentySs were presented with 15 300‐msec tones (for half theSs) or lights (for the remainingSs) followed by a change trial to the other modality. There was highly reliable habituation in the electrodermal skin resistance response (SRR) and the plethysmographic pulse volume (PV), but no clear habituation in the plethysmographic blood volume (BV). Change produced reliable increases in all three orienting‐reaction (OR) components. Application of signal‐detection methods showed SRR to be a more sensitive index of both initial OR and OR to change than either PV or BV, which were not different. Neither PV nor BV were correlated with SRR, but the BV‐PV correlations were significant, and, when corrected for attenuation, approximated +.75. The problem of why the plethysmographic OR components sometimes habituate to stimulus repetition, and sometimes do not, was discussed, but it was concluded that while some possible explanations have been eliminated by the present results, the problem itself still awaits solution and poses a challenge to psychophysio

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00819.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the applicability of the Law of Initial Value (LIV) for heart rate (HR) responses evoked by a nociceptive stimulus in neonatal sleep states. Ten infants were tested during Quiet and Active Sleep. In concordance with the LIV there was a significant inverse correlation for allSs in Active Sleep between HR change and prestimulus HR values; the average correlation was ‐.76, the average slope ‐.48. In Quiet Sleep, which had a small prestimulus HR range, this relationship was significant only for someSs. Equating for prestimulus HR values, no significant difference existed in the magnitude of average HR response in Active Sleep vs Quiet Sleep. It was concluded that for nociceptive stimuli the initial HR value is a better predictor than the behavioral sleep state of the magnitude of HR response. It is suggested that the LIV depends largely on the modality and strength of the stimulus and the width of the prestimulus HR ra

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00820.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThirty‐threeSs were chosen on the basis of their Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale scores. ElevenSs were assigned to each of three groups, low anxiety (LA), medium anxiety (MA), and high anxiety (HA). The study was then carried out to determine the relationships between manifest anxiety, amount of feedback, and heart rate (HR) control. EachSattempted to synchronize his HR with a series of clicks so that each heartbeat (R wave) would occur within .2 sec after a click. EachSwas tested alternately with non‐augmented biofeedback (NAF), and with visually augmented feedback (AF) during several test periods. Overall,Ss were found to be able to produce a significantly higher than chance percentage of heartbeats in the .2 sec interval in spite of the fact that HASs had a negative mean HR control score. MASs' mean score was significantly higher than that of the HASs. Different physiological characteristics were found to be significantly correlated with successful HR control depending upon which anxiety groupSwas in. No significant difference was found between NAF and AF conditi

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00821.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe main purpose of studying the interrelationships listed in the title was to examine the orienting‐reaction (OR) and cognitive (awareness) interpretations of differential electrodermal conditioning (DEC). The method was to perform correlational analyses on the data obtained from three DEC experiments (N = 32, 40, and 32, respectively) which together provided variations in such factors as the CS‐US interval, and the sensitivity of the awareness measure of subjective contingency (SC). Following Zeiner and Schell (1971), the OR and responsivity measures were obtained, respectively, from preliminary CS+ trials (tone and light) to‐be‐paired with the US and from US (shock) trials. The results clearly disconfirmed the cognitive interpretation, since SC was not correlated either with DEC or with OR in any of the experiments. The OR interpretation received some support, but could handle the following aspects of the results only with difficulty: (a) some significant correlations of responsivity with DEC; (b) the fact that the apparently large OR‐DEC correlations were reduced when statistical control (through partial correlations) was imposed for the influence of consistent individual differences in responding to the CS+ and CS‐ stimuli before any conditioning had taken place; (c) the fact that when these individual differences were not significantly present (in Exp. III), the OR‐DEC correlation was also not significant. It was noted that the first aspect supported an S‐R, contiguity‐reinforcement account of DEC, an account which differs from the cognitive and OR interpretations inasmuch as it does not attempt to reduce DEC to s

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00822.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPrevious reports on inter‐night reliability of sleep stage percentages have not controlled for total sleep time (TST). With TST held constant with either of two methods, REM as well as NREM variables showed significant inter‐night correlation coefficients. Reliability across nights for rapid eye movement activity is reported here for the first time and found to be highly signific

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00823.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEvidence is provided showing that there is very little change in pulse volume in the ear lobe as a function of the usual types of psychological stimuli. On the one hand, this makes ear lobe plethysmography an excellent source of a signal to trigger a cardiotachometer for investigators interested in pulse rate who do not want to, or cannot, use EKG recording. On the other hand, this makes the ear lobe an inappropriate place from which to record vasomotor reactivity.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00824.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY