摘要:

ABSTRACTEighty Type A and SO Type B young male subjects (assessed by both the Bortner and Thurstone Scales) cooperated on either a difficult or simple reaction time task, with either the same or opposite behavior type partner. Only the first member of each dyad was given control of responding A‐A, B‐B, A‐B, B‐A). Dyads performed with equal efficiency on the simple task, but when the task became more difficult to master a remarkable pattern of behavioral activity emerged. Deleterious or efficient task performance was largely influenced by the behavioral style of the two individuals within the dyad, and more importantly, by their control positions (which member had response control). Cardiovascular responses were monitored throughout the task and 10 min following task performance. During the task, increases in heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed for all groups regardless of task difficulty and control positions, although the magnitude of cardiovascular reactivity was greatest for Type As during the difficult task, especially if they lacked control of responding or were cooperating with the same type partner. Following the difficult task, Type As demonstrated greater magnitude and more prolonged cardiovascular reactivity, compared with Type Bs. The findings are briefly discussed within the context of the work envi

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb01852.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to determine whether the N400 component, described by Kutas and Hillyard as an index of semantic expectancy, would he elicited by deviations involving non‐linguistic expectancies. The stimuli within the four experimental conditions included: 1) sentences, 2) geometric patterns of increasing or decreasing size, 3) scale‐notes of increasing or decreasing frequency, and 4) well‐known French melodies. An N400 appeared only following semantic incongruities within sentences. Non‐linguistic deviations were followed by a late positivity whose amplitude varied across conditions. These results are consistent with an interpretation of N400 as an index of the further processing required by linguistic incongruities rather than by violations of arbitrary or over learned rules in general. However, alternative interpretations exist and are di

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb01853.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb01854.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEach of 40 college students received 6 presentations of white noise at an intensity of either SO or 110 dB during either inspiration or expiration. Changes in tidal volume, inspiratory period, and expiratory period elicited by that stimulation were studied. Auditory stimulation produced respiratory changes which could be regarded conveniently as two phasic responses. We labeled these responses the initial phasic response and the delayed phasic response. The initial response was limited to the respiratory period during which stimulation was delivered, it consisted of a brief inspiratory movement which increased the speed of inspiratory periods during which it occurred but decreased the speed of expiratory periods during which it occurred. In either case, the initial phasic response increased ventilation. The delayed phasic response was an increase both in speed and tidal volume of respiratory cycles subsequent to the period during which stimulation was delivered. Like the initial response, the delayed response increased ventilation. The effects of the delayed response were more widespread when stimulation was delivered during expiration rather than during inspiration. Stimulus intensity and stimulus repetition respectively potentiated and attenuated both the initial and the delayed phasic response. The findings are compared with those of earlier research on respiratory changes elicited by auditory stimulation.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb01855.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb01856.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIndividual differences in stages 3 and 4 sleep are usually unrecognized., although several reports have mentioned large inter‐individual variation of the stages within a restricted age range. This study investigated individual differences and nightly reliability in stages 3 and 4 sleep in a homogeneous sample of 34 young adult males. Sleep was analyzed from the final two of three consecutive lab nights. Results indicated that stage 4 steep was an exceedingly prominent individual difference. Stage 4 occupied 7.9 to 50.0 percent of the first 3 hrs after sleep onset and was highly reliable across nights (.78). Individual differences were less pronounced in the second 3 hrs after sleep onset. Stage 3 and stage 4 were reliably distinguished. Persons high in one of these stages had relatively little of the other. Combining stage 3 and stage 4 may be a reasonable strategy if visually scored delta activity per se is of interest, bat it may obscure potentially meaningful individual differences in which state is characteristically achieve

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb01857.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb01858.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe P300 (P3) event‐related potential elicited with a passive tone sequence paradigm was compared with an active auditory discrimination task. Each stimulus situation was replicated successively to study repetition effects. The first stimulus of the tone sequences produced a positive‐going potential with a scalp distribution and peak latency similar to the P3 from the active discrimination task, although its amplitude was smaller than that obtained from the active paradigm. The first block of trials demonstrated the strongest correlations for both P3 latency and amplitude between the sequence and discrimination tasks. The results suggest that the passive tone sequence paradigm may provide P3 measures which approximate those acquired from an active discrimination t

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb01859.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb01860.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDiscrete cardiovascular fitness groups consisting of high‐fit (n=10) and low‐fit (n=9) men performed a well‐learned vigilance task and their self‐report, performance, and plasma catecholamine responses were compared. No significant differences were observed between the fitness groups on self‐report or psychomotor performance responses to the vigilance task. However, the low‐fit group took significantly longer than high‐fit subjects to complete the first of three sets of anagrams administered immediately after the vigilance task. Plasma norepinephrine but not epinephrine response was greater in the low‐fit group compared to their high‐fit counterparts. The findings indicate that enhanced cardiovascular fitness may be characterized by an attenuated plasma norepinephrine response to a vigilance task with sustained cognitive performance subse

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb01861.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY