摘要:

ABSTRACTA summary of a series of studies of autonomic balance and differential patterns of autonomic function in normal and hospitalized adult males, covering the period of 1944 to the present.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02641.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTLong time‐constant EEG recording during paired stimuli has led to the discovery of thecontingent negative variationorexpectancy wave(Walter, 1964). This effect is produced when a conditional stimulus signals that an imperative stimulus demanding action, decision, or attention will follow at a short, constant time interval.Symbolic and meaningful stimuli were presented to subjects tachistoscopically, and the evoked responses in the brain were electronically averaged. The cerebral evoked responses to such psychological stimuli are more complex than to flashes. A slow negative DC potential shift (CNV) was seen during the interval between an auditory ready signal and the visual exposure if recognition of the stimulus was required, or if it was interesting. Following the visual exposure, a slow positive DC shift occurred. The method has been developed to study the brain responses to psychological stimuli. The amplitude of the responses relates to the information content and subjective factors rather than to the physical strength of the stimulu

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02642.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo groups of subjects were selected from a previously studied population sample: a group of habitual visualizers, most of whom developed eye movements during recall of motion, and a group of non‐visualizers, most of whom did not. EEG following responses to red photic flicker differed markedly for the two groups, being diminished in visualizers but enhanced in non‐visualizers as compared to their EEG following responses to blue or green. Mental and visual imagery tasks induced significantly greater alpha blocking in visualizers than in non‐visualizers. The partial or complete desynchronization of on‐going rhythmic EEG activity suggests a lower threshold for EEG desynchronization for visualizers than for non‐visualizers. The augmented EEG following of non‐visualizers to red flicker appears to represent a different aspect of the same respons

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02643.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTRepetitive auditory stimuli were used to examine the ability of humanSs to sustain instrumental motor responses during sleep. A majority of simple (one tone) and discriminative (two tones) responses occurred without distinct electrographic signs of awakening. Punishment for response failure, which changed neutral stimuli to warning signals, increased the probability of correct responding, particularly to stimuli which did not evoke the alpha rhythm.Correct responding was a decreasing function of Stages 1, 2, and 3 plus 4, in that order. In Stage REM, however, response probability was markedly affected by the nature of the stimulus. When the stimulus was converted from a neutral to a warning signal, the probability of responding was raised from nearly zero to levels approximating those of other low‐voltage EEG stages. These results suggest that while low responsiveness in Stage 4 may be due to physiological depression. Stage REM is a state of activation in which external stimuli are normally blocked. Contingent reinforcement, by changing the significance of the stimulus, modifies this occlusion‐like phenomenon, permitting appropriate respond

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02644.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to compare the effects of response‐contingent and random aversive auditory stimulation on gastrointestinal motility.Ss were presented with four consecutive 10‐min treatment periods in the following order: response‐contingent (R‐C), random, R‐C, random. During R‐C,Scould avoid the 5‐sec 90 db tone, which was programmed to come on every 30 sec, by pressing a key once during the 5 sec preceding the tone. During the random period,Shad no control over the presentation of the tone. The results indicated that during R‐C, amplitude of gastrointestinal motility was significantly greater and latency briefer than under random conditions. These results are accounted for in terms of the dual role of the tone in the R‐C condition, i.e. it is aversive and it signifies to S that his time estimat

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02645.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that latency of REM onset is a negative function of drug‐induced precentral fast (18 to 26 cps) activity in the EEG. Chlorpromazine increased this activity during sleep and wakefulness and decreased latency of REM sleep, whereas α‐chloralose, pentothal, and phenobarbital were associated with a decrease of this activity during sleep, increased slow wave sleep, and increased latency of REM sleep. Phenobarbital and pentothal increased this fast activity during wakefulness and drowsiness, respectively. However, 18 to 26 cps precentral activity was reduced during sleep with α‐chloralose and pentothal. A supporting study in cats demonstrates apparent synchrony of fast activity in the limbic system and cortex during wakefulness, and chlorpromazine increases fast activity in the limbic system. It is speculated that chlorpromazine enhances the effect of the limbic system on cortical (primarily precentral) activity. The sedatives are thought to potentiate the spontaneous slow wave sleep

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02646.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper is a report on the results of a survey on electrodermal recording procedures. A detailed questionnaire was sent to more than two hundred members of the Psychophysiological Society. The results indicate a wide disagreement among investigators in most phases of the recording process. This indicates a lack of standardization in one of the most used of physiological measures.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02647.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe so‐called respiratory vasomotor reflex, long observed in plethysmography of the extremities, was examined in seven normalSs ranging in age from 17 to 38 years. With a photometric method, the vascular responses of the skin of the forehead and the finger were found to differ following a deep breath like a sigh. These responses were quite similar to the vascular components of the orienting reflex, i.e., vasodilation in the forehead and vasoconstriction in the hand. A polyphasic response in the forehead in someSs followed the deliberate deep inspirations. This polyphasic response has also been observed during the orieinting reflex but without changes in respiration. This type of response appears to be associated with bradycardia, and may be related to similar vascular responses observed following cardiac arrhythmia

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02648.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe following five experiments are reported.1After palmar sweating is abolished by atropine, the skin is easier to drill with a dental burr. This suggests that arousal sweating protects the skin against mechanical injury.2Intracutaneous injection of acetylcholine or mecholyl at the forearm will produce skin potential (SP) effects of both negative and positive polarity and also a reduction in skin resistance (SR). This suggests that a cholinergic substance is involved in the production of SP and SR.3Intracutaneous injection of mecholyl at the forearm will either lower or raise the pain threshold to a needle prick. A lowering of the pain threshold was associated with the presence of an SP negative effect and a rise was associated with an SP positive effect. It is concluded that the adaptive value of the cholinergic substance related to SP and SR is to modulate cutaneous sensitivity.4The pain threshold to an electric shock can be lowered or raised by mecholyl injection. This may show that the pain threshold can be varied by mecholyl injection independently of its effects on sweating.5Lowering of the electric shock pain threshold at the palm is associated with the appearance of both SP negative and positive responses. This further demonstrates a relation between SP activity and pain sensitivity but indicates that the direction of the change in the pain threshold is not dependent on SP response polarity.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02649.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe electroencephalographic records from 43 subjects who slept for four consecutive nights in a laboratory environment were studied in an effort to describe the First Night Effect. These records showed that the first night of laboratory sleep contains more awake periods and less Stage I‐rapid eye movement sleep. There is a delay in the onset of Stages IV and I‐REM and the sleep is more changeable. These effects rapidly adapt out by the second night of sl

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02650.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY