摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effects of direct auditory feedback of the electromyogram (EMG) on learning to control a single motor unit (SMU) were investigated. Seventeen human subjects were injected with bipolar fine‐wire electrodes into the tibialis anterior muscle. A trial light indicated the onset of a trial. If the subject activated an SMU, a correct light appeared. A non‐SMU response was followed by an incorrect light. All subjects received an initial training series with auditory EMG feedback followed by a retest at 2 weeks without EMG feedback. Speed of initial learning was substantially improved by direct EMG feedback. The nature and amount of learning, including the ability to use proprioceptive cues in controlling an SMU, were not affected, nor was retention of learn

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01076.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTExperiment I attempted to train both increases and decreases in heart rate using a discriminated escape‐avoidance paradigm. Noncontingent controlSs were yoked to both experimental groups. Subjects were given 64 training trials and 16 extinction trials. Experiment II employed essentially the same design except that the contingent response was a specific amount of muscular tension (either 40 to 60 microvolts, or 90 to 110 microvolts) from the chin area. SevenSs were run in each group. Heart rate, chin electromyogram (EMG), and respiration were continuously monitored during each study.The results of Experiment I indicated that the response contingencies produced significant heart rate increases and decreases in the appropriate experimental groups. Neither yoked control group showed a significant heart rate change. No group exhibited any significant EMG activity. Respiration amplitude increased significantly only in the heart rate increase group. Both experimental groups in Experiment II learned to emit the correct EMG response. However, only the group in the 40 to 60 microvolt range showed a relationship between heart rate and EMG change

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01077.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTChanges in reaction time during the cardiac cycle have been reported by a number of investigators. The present study concerns changes in the latency of alpha blocking as a function of the time of presentation of photic stimulation during the cardiac cycle. Stimuli were presented at intervals of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 msec following the peak of the R‐wave of the EKG. Alpha blocking latency was found to be shorter for stimulus presentation early in the cardiac cycl

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01078.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEEG delta activity during human sleep has a rhythmic pattern resembling a damped sinusoid with a period of about 100 min. Although the REM episodes coincide with the troughs of the delta cycle, the two rhythms are semi‐independen

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01079.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe diurnal sleep patterns of female nurses working night duty were compared to their nocturnal sleep patterns while they were working regular hours during the day. Continuous EEG, EOG, and EMG recordings were made at the end of 2 month periods of night and day duty respectively. Day and night sleep differed with respect to both duration and pattern. Despite an earlier onset, the major sleep period was shorter during the day than the night and seemed to be more interrupted later in the session. This finding is in keeping with the increased amount of Stage 1 and decreased amount of slow wave sleep during the day than the night. Although no differences were evident with respect to overall percent REM, differences in the distribution of REM did occur. REM sleep occurred sooner during day than night sleep and there was more of it during the first part of day sleep. Thus night duty seemed to affect the pattern of sleep stage distribution as well as the absolute amount of, not only total sleep, but also some sleep stages, such as Stage SS. It is an open question how the naps of extended duration taken while on night duty influence the pattern of sleep during the day.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01080.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn some recent reports, authors have found no evidence for habituation during sleep, and have concluded that habituation and sleep are incompatible. This finding was tested using skin potential, heart rate, and EEG responses to a 70 dB, 1 sec, 1000 Hz tone, in sleep stages 2, 4, and REM, with daytime controls. Interstimulus intervals used ranged from 10 to 30 sec.Autonomic responses analyzed separately for each series of stimuli showed significant habituation, except for heart rate responses in REM and in the daytime (drowsy) controls. EEG responses also demonstrated habituation. An interstimulus interval effect was found with EEG K‐complexes, habituation occurring more slowly or not at all with the longer, irregular interstimulus intervals.It is suggested that previous failure to detect habituation has been due to a technique of averaging responses over hourly periods and/or the use of long irregular interstimulus intervals. It is concluded that habituation is indeed possible in human sleep if stimulus intervals are not lon

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01081.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWaveform patterns evoked by 4 intensities of flash in normal subjects were studied in relation to intersubject variability. Time‐frequency distribution curves of all peaks occurring between 11 and 280 msec after flash onset and meeting minimal criteria were obtained from 46 males. These distributions closely corresponded to similar data reported by others for single intensity stimulation. An algorithm was developed which identified in 67 to 100% of instances a single “peak event’ within the time ranges of each of 6 peak distributions. Many peak events appeared and disappeared within the 4 intensity sets of individuals. Latencies were obtained for these peak events. Application of the algorithm to a replicate sample of 29Ss, which included 8 females, indicated generalizability. Test‐retest data on 15Ss showed its reliability. The data suggest that methodology significantly contributes to the variability of peak identification among subjects. This may be reduced by employing multiple intensities of stim

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01082.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIt is suggested that a) the difference between conditioning and pseudoconditioning procedures is one involving degree of interstimulus interval variability, b) the effect of this variability is to alter the temporal characteristics of the responses generated by such procedures, c) the procedures typically employed in comparing performance levels heavily bias the results in favor of the conditioning procedure, and d) there is little or no evidence to support the view that performance differences between such groups reflect differing underlying processes, one associational and the other not. In addition, the use of CS– groups as control groups, in differential conditioning, is based upon a premise which has little, if any, suppor

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01083.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTo ensure accurate recording of vasomotor activity in the peripheral vascular system with the photoplethysmographic technique, a system calibration procedure is presented. Utilization of a calibration procedure reveals several significant sources of photocell and light source artifact. A calibration apparatus and procedure as well as data demonstrating the light history artifact and its resolution are presented.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01084.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01085.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY