摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present study demonstrates an impairment of habituation in schizophrenic patients on a measure of defensive responding to startling stimuli. The blink reflex component of human startle in response to 116dB(A) tones (40 msec, 1000 Hz) was monitored and distinguished from voluntary eyeblinks by a computer. With a background noise level of 70dB(A), 121 tones were given at varied intervals averaging 15 sec. All three groups tested, 25 presumed normals, 20 psychiatric patient controls and 22 schizophrenic patients, exhibited similar responses to the first several stimuli. However, while normals and patient controls exhibited roughly 70% decrements in response amplitudes across trials, schizophrenic patients habituated by less than 50%. An unexpected finding was that the latency‐to‐peak values for normals and controls were non‐monotonically related to both trial number and response amplitudes. That is, latencies first increased and then decreased as the same stimulus was repeated. As with amplitude habituation, this phenomenon was also delayed in the schizophrenic patients. The results indicate that schizophrenic patients have abnormal habituation of defensive responses to exteroceptive stimuli. Possible links between abnormal habituation and symptom formation in schizophrenia are disc

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02589.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis research investigates the relationship between repression and blood pressure by using an objective and well‐known test for classifying subjects as repressors (Byrne's R‐S scale), and examines the relationships among socio‐economic level, ethnic origin, and blood pressure.Subjects were 461 Israeli pregnant women who gave birth in urban hospitals. The physiological measures were the highest blood pressure a woman had during pregnancy, as well as blood pressure, heart rate and temperature measured immediately after her admission to the hospital. The women's anxiety level was ranked before and after delivery.No confirmation was found for the psychoanalytically based hypothesis held by several investigators, that subjects with repressive personality type would have higher blood pressure. No significant relationship was found between socio‐economic level and any physiological measure. Israeli Jews of Oriental origin had lower blood pressure than those of European origin, even though the former were of lower socio‐econo

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02590.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are reported which investigate the efficacy of Ashton, White, and Hodgson's (1979) two‐alterative‐forced‐choice discrimination technique for training accuracy in perception of heart rate. In the first study, subjects were assigned to either a knowledge of results (KR) or no‐knowledge of results condition (noKR). In the second study a third condition, augmented feedback (AFB), was added. The two studies differed essentially in the timing of the commencement of training, and in the number of training sessions employed. Transfer of training was assessed in both studies by testing all subjects on a heartbeat discrimination task modified from Brener and Jones (1974). The pattern of results was consistent in indicating that providing subjects with information about the accuracy of their decisions is an effective means of training cardiac awareness, and that transfer of the trained awareness to a more commonly used exteroceptive discrimination procedure occurs. The data also point to the possibility that allowing subjects to “practice” prior to any training may be a procedural measure best avoided in discrimination training

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02591.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02592.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTMenstrual cycle effects on erotic arousability were tested in 13 women aged 20–28. Vaginal blood volume and pulse amplitude were measured with a light emitting diode photoplethysmograph, labial temperature was measured by a small thermistor, and subject self‐report of arousal was estimated on a 7‐point Likert scale in response to audio erotic tapes and fantasy over five different phases of the menstrual cycle. Pre‐session levels of blood volume and labial temperature showed no important changes across the cycle, but pooled blood volume, pulsatile blood volume and labial temperature reliably demonstrated sexual arousal during tape and fantasy sessions. Repeated measures analyses of variance and covariance of physiological change scores from baseline and subjective ratings failed to demonstrate that significant changes in self‐reports, vaginal blood volume, vaginal pulse amplitude, or labial temperature occurred as a function of menstrual cycle phase. This study provides objective physiological evidence that there appears to be no one phase in the menstrual cycle during which women are more sexually arousable to erotic stimuli as detected by these physiological

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02593.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02594.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe unitary Orienting Response (OR) concept developed by E.N. Sokolov has been interpreted as requiring the covariation of a range of physiological indicators in response to manipulation of stimulus intensity, novelty and significance. After failing to find such a covariation, Barry (1979) proposed a four‐way fractionation of response indicators as an alternative to unitary OR theory. This fractionation was explored here in two experiments involving manipulation of novelty and significance. These confirmed the predicted fractionation and clarified the role of electrodermal responses relative to traditional OR theory. It was then proposed that this fractionation of responses reflected preliminary processes in OR elicitation, allowing a synthesis of Barry's response fractionation and Sokolov's traditional OR. The possible role of Maltzman's cortical set theory’ in such a synthesis was outli

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02595.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTChanges in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were classically conditioned in squirrel monkeys using light as the conditional stimulus, and electric shock as the unconditional stimulus. The transient (lasting less than 5 min) and sustained (maintained for a half‐hour or more) changes in BP and HR in response to light‐shock (LS) pairs and light alone (L) were measured while varying rates of presentation and shock intensity. LS presentation produced transient increases in both BP and HR. The magnitude of the change increased with shock intensity and decreased as stimulation rate increased. Transient changes in BP and HR in response to L presentation were induced by conditioning with LS. The conditioned transient response to L alone was greater when the LS conditioning period preceding it had greater shock intensity or slower presentation rate. Sustained changes in BP and HR were also produced by LS, the magnitude of which were directly related to the frequency of aversive stimulus presentation. Transient changes, in contrast, decreased in magnitude with more frequent presentat

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02596.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02597.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTElectrode arrays (8 × 8, 3.5 × 3.5 mm) were implanted epidurally on the olfactory bulbs of rabbits for EEG recording. The rabbits were trained to give a conditioned response to a warning odor paired with an electric shock. EEGs were recorded and edited, and representative ERG bursts with odor and preceding the odor were selected for measurement. Each burst was displayed in a contour map of amplitude. The contour maps revealed active EEG foci in the bulb with size, shape and location unique to each rabbit. Changes in shape and location took place only during familiarization and during training, when a warning odor was paired with the aversive stimulus. The EEG spatial patterns did not change when visual or auditory stimuli were used as CS. EEG spatial patterns did not reflect conformal mapping of odor stimulus to neural activity response, but were determined by state variables of the animal related to olfactory conditioning history. The implications for human EEG are briefly discusse

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02598.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY